fixed final bits

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

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+# Contributor Code of Conduct
+
+As contributors and maintainers of this project, we pledge to respect all people who 
+contribute through reporting issues, posting feature requests, updating documentation,
+submitting pull requests or patches, and other activities.
+
+We are committed to making participation in this project a harassment-free experience for
+everyone, regardless of level of experience, gender, gender identity and expression,
+sexual orientation, disability, personal appearance, body size, race, ethnicity, age, or religion.
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include the use of sexual language or
+imagery, derogatory comments or personal attacks, trolling, public or private harassment,
+insults, or other unprofessional conduct.
+
+Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject comments,
+commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are not aligned to this 
+Code of Conduct. Project maintainers who do not follow the Code of Conduct may be removed 
+from the project team.
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by 
+opening an issue or contacting one or more of the project maintainers.
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the Contributor Covenant 
+(https://www.contributor-covenant.org), version 1.0.0, available at 
+https://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/0/0/.

LICENSE.txt

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+                    GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 19 November 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
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+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
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+  Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights
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+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer
+network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to
+get its source.  For example, if your program is a web application, its
+interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive
+of the code.  There are many ways you could offer source, and different
+solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the
+specific requirements.
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+html:
+	Rscript -e 'library(rmarkdown); rmarkdown::render("mapping_draft.Rmd", "html_document")'
+
+hpc:
+	Rscript -e 'library(rmarkdown); rmarkdown::render("mapping_draft-hpc_optimised.Rmd", "html_document")'
+
+pdf:
+	Rscript -e 'library(rmarkdown); rmarkdown::render("./mapping_draft.Rmd", "pdf_document")'

README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # Mapping Environmental Action
 
-## A Welcome For the Uninitiated ##
+This code is associated with a scholarly paper "Mapping Environmental Action" (currently unpublished). In the paper, I draw on original data gathered from my research with Eco-groups in Scotland (2013-2017) in order to do comparative geospatial analysis of the coincidence of these groups with a number of standard demographics. You can read (an unpublished version of) the paper at (http://mapenvcom.jeremykidwell.info/mapping_draft.html).
 
-If you're new to github and reproducible research, welcome! It's nice to have you here. Github is ordinarily a place where software developers working on open source software projects deposit their code as they write software collaboratively. However, in recent years a number of scholarly researchers, especially people working on research which involves a digital component (including me!) have begun to deposit their papers in these same software repositories. The idea here is that you can download all of the source-code and data used in this paper alongside the actual text, run it yourself and ["reproduce" the results](http://kbroman.org/steps2rr/). This can serve as a useful safeguard, a layer of research transparency, and a cool teaching tool for other persons interested in doing similar work.
+## Why Reproducible Research? ##
 
-Eschewing proprietary, expensive and unreliable software like Microsoft Word, I write in a combination of two languages: (1) [Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown) which is intended to be as close as possible to plain text while still allowing for things like boldfaced type, headings and footnotes; and (2) a programming language called [R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)) to do all the data analysis. R is an object oriented language which was specifically designed for statistical analysis. It's also great fun to tinker with. As you look through this paper, you'll see that R code is integrated into the text of the document. This is indicated by a series of three backticks (```). There is a formal specification now at a mature stage of development, which is RMarkdown. You can read semi-official specification [for this here](https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/pdf-document.html).
+If you're new to github and reproducible research, welcome! It's nice to have you here. Github is ordinarily a place where software developers working on open source software projects deposit their code as they write software collaboratively. However, in recent years a number of scholarly researchers, especially people working on research that involves a digital component (including me!) have begun to deposit their papers in these same software repositories. The idea is that you can download all of the source-code and data used in this paper alongside the actual text, run it yourself and ["reproduce" the results](http://kbroman.org/steps2rr/). This can serve as a useful safeguard, a layer of research transparency, and a cool teaching tool for other persons interested in doing similar work. Particularly when, as is the case in subject areas that are only just starting to get involved in the digital humanities, like religious studies, there is a dearth of work of this nature, it can be helpful to have examples of practice which can be reused, or at least used as an example.
+
+Eschewing proprietary, expensive and unreliable software like Microsoft Word, I write in a combination of two languages: (1) [Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown) which is intended to be as close as possible to plain text while still allowing for things like boldfaced type, headings and footnotes; and (2) a programming language called [R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)) to do all the data analysis. R is an object oriented language that was specifically designed for statistical analysis. It's also great fun to tinker with. As you look through this paper, you'll see that R code is integrated into the text of the document. This is indicated by a series of three backticks (```). There is a formal specification now at a mature stage of development, which is RMarkdown. You can read semi-official specification [for this here](https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/pdf-document.html).
 
 To read a bit more on these things and start on your own path towards plain text reproducible research, I highly recommend:
 - Karl Broman's guide, "[Initial Steps Toward Reproducible Research](http://kbroman.org/steps2rr/)"
@@ -12,19 +14,22 @@ To read a bit more on these things and start on your own path towards plain text
 
 The other advantage of putting this paper here is that readers and reviewers can suggest changes and point out errors in the document. To do this, I recommend that you create a github issue by clicking on the green "New issue" button [here](https://github.com/kidwellj/mapping_environmental_action/issues). If you must, you can also send me emails. More stuff about me [can be found here](http://jeremykidwell.info). 
 
-To skip ahead and start reading the actual paper, click on [`mapping_draft.rmd`](https://github.com/kidwellj/mapping_environmental_action/blob/master/mapping_draft.Rmd) above. 
+To skip ahead and start reading the actual paper in raw format, click on [`mapping_draft.rmd`](https://github.com/kidwellj/mapping_environmental_action/blob/master/mapping_draft.Rmd) above. If you were looking for the article (without code) you can also find a working draft here: (http://mapenvcom.jeremykidwell.info/mapping_draft.html).
 
 Now for...
 
-## The quick technical version ##
+## The technical version ##
 
-This repository contains the code and writing towards a (working draft of a) scholarly paper which presents my analysis of the geospatial footprint of eco-groups in the UK. This is based on research I have been conducting since 2013 and which is ongoing. The paper is written in R Markdown and for the most part, I'm using the conventions outlined by Kieran Healy [here](https://kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2014/01/23/plain-text/) and is best viewed (I think) in [R Studio](https://www.rstudio.com) though it will be reasonably comprehensible to anyone using a Markdown editor. If I'm not working in RStudio, I'm probably in Sublime text, FYI. Co-authors and collaborators take note, generally, I use [Hadley Wickham's venerable R Style Guide](http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Style.html). 
+This repository contains the code and writing towards a (working draft of a) scholarly paper that presents my analysis of the geospatial footprint of eco-groups in the UK. This is based on research I have been conducting since 2013 and that is ongoing. The paper is written in R Markdown and for the most part, I'm using the conventions outlined by Kieran Healy [here](https://kieranhealy.org/blog/archives/2014/01/23/plain-text/) and is best viewed (I think) in [R Studio](https://www.rstudio.com) though it will be reasonably comprehensible to anyone using a Markdown editor. If I'm not working in RStudio, I'm probably in Sublime text, FYI. Co-authors and collaborators take note, generally, I use [Hadley Wickham's venerable R Style Guide](http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Style.html). 
 
 I'd be extremely happy if someone found errors, or imagined a more efficient means of analysis and either reported them as an issue on this github repository or sent me an email.
 
-The actual article is in `mapping_draft.Rmd`. 
+The actual article is in `mapping_draft.Rmd` and can be compiled using knitr (assuming you have R installed as well as required packages) using the `Makefile` provided.
 
-Paths in this folder are used mostly for R processing. Towards this end folders have the following significance:
+Note: actual execution may take over an hour, as calls to `st_buffer` and `st_within` under `wilderness_data_prep` are computationally intensive. To compile more briskly, I recommend you comment out this final section and knit the markdown/html files. I have been relying on the University of Birmingham supercomputing cluster for execution, which has resulted in a parallel version of this script `mapping_draft-hpc_optimised.Rmd`. The latter will only run on the BlueBEAR cluster at UOB, though other scholars may want to consult this script to get a sense of how geospatial operations can be parallelised for more efficient execution.
+
+Paths in this folder are used mostly for R processing. I'm using a "project" oriented workflow, on which you can read more [in a blog by Jenny Bryan here](https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/). This uses the R package [here](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/here/index.html).
+Towards this end folders have the following significance:
 
 - `data` contains datasets used for analysis.
 - `derived_data` contains files which represent modified forms of files in the above path.
@@ -32,3 +37,46 @@ Paths in this folder are used mostly for R processing. Towards this end folders
 - `cache` isn't included in github but is usually used for working files
 
 Note: none of the contents of the above are included in the github repository unless they are unavailable from an external repository.
+
+## And, a few notes for the data scientists
+
+Over the course of this research project (since 2013, really), the state of geospatial tools for datascience in R (and python) has shifted and the increased attention and resources that have been brought to bear on geospatial has resulted in a dramatic improvement in the quality and precision of tools available, particularly the development of SimpleFeatures and the [sf](https://github.com/r-spatial/sf) and [tmap](https://github.com/mtennekes/tmap) packages for R. Ggplot2 is awesome, but starts to creak quickly when you push it in more creative geospatial directions. There are also inefficiencies with data handling in some of the older packages (such as sp) that aren't apparent until you start working with large datasets. Underlying data formats have been shifting quite a lot as well, from csvt and [very problematic and proprietary ESRI shapefiles](http://switchfromshapefile.org/) to geojson/topojson and [Geopackage](http://switchfromshapefile.org/#geopackage) formats. The result of this has a need to completely rewrite this script mid-way through the research process. I've left some of the messy bits in with as comprehensive comments as possible to give a sense of things, but there remain some bits which are accidentally messy.
+
+There are a few aspects of this code which are novel or were difficult that I'm proud of, which I hope may be useful and on ehich I'd especially value 
+
+- The use of sf() and tmap()
+- The creation of vignettes for visualisations
+- The level of reproducibility
+- Optimisation of intensive geospatial operations for htpc and parallel computing
+
+# Prerequisites for reproducing this codebase
+
+I've tried to follow best practices in setting up this script for reproducibility, but given some of the choices I've had to make computationally (e.g. running some operations in PostGIS) some setup is required before execution will be successful.
+
+These steps are:
+
+1. Acquire a working installation of R (and RStudio). I have produced a Docker container that replicates the environment I have used to execute this script that is probably the easiest way to complete this task.
+2. Set up a working Postgres database with PostGIS extensions installed. The script will download necessary data and load it into your database if it is not already in place.
+3. Install platform appropriate prerequisites for the R odbc() package, see here: [https://github.com/r-dbi/odbc#installation]
+4. Configure a local `config.yml` file with the following information (used to connect to your PostGIS database):
+```
+default:
+  datawarehouse:
+    driver: 'Postgres' 
+    server: 'change.to.yourserver.com'
+    uid: 'change-to-your-username'
+    pwd: 'change-to-your-password'  
+    port: 5432
+    database: 'database-name'
+```
+5. Clone or download the code from this repository
+6. Set up a proper R/RStudio working environment. I use the `renv` package to manage working environment, which takes snapshots and stores them to `renv.lock`. If you run `renv::restore()` in R after loading this code, it will install necessary libraries at proper versions.
+7. Nearly all of the data used in this study is open, with one exception, that of the Ordnance Survey PointX data product. This is available to most UK academics via the EDINA service, so the user will need to manually download this data and place it in the `/data/` directory.
+
+# Contributing
+
+Please note that this project is released with a [Contributor Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md). By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
+
+# License
+
+The content of this research paper are licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode), and the underlying source code used to generate the paper is licensed under the [GNU AGPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html) license. Underlying datasets designed as part of this research have their own licenses that are specified in their respective repositories.

TODO.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+This script is a work in progress! In a spirit of open-ended collaboration and a continuous development cycle, I've collected aspirations towards improvement here in this file. There is a list of urgent tasks which need to be completed before the research is complete, and a batch of subsequent work which, while not necessary, can improve and extend the work here.
+
+# Pre-pub changes todo:
+
+Optimising for command-line use of knitr:
+- [ ] fix issues preventing simultaneous output towards PDF/md, see [here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23621012/display-and-save-the-plot-simultaneously-in-r-rstudio) Related to problems with colliding knitr preferences for each document type
+
+Complete transition away from sp() to sf()
+- [ ] remove use of sp(), rgdal(), GISTools(), rgeos() and commands: readOGR, spTransform, poly.counts, prop.table
+- [ ] remove use of ggplot2 (in favour of tmap)
+
+Code changes:
+- [ ] Shift intensive geospatial analysis using sf() within R to operations within PostGIS per https://www.r-bloggers.com/interact-with-postgis-from-r/ and https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/03/21/how-to-avoid-publishing-credentials-in-your-code/
+- [ ] Shift to "projects" as per (https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/)
+- [ ] Set up conventions (per https://annakrystalli.me/talks/r-in-repro-research-dc.html#58) and 
+- [ ] Shift appendices to compendium
+
+Streamline code:
+- [ ] Merge htpc and wilderness versions back into main draft streamline drafts
+    note: htpc version created 25 Mar 2019, commit 9a8934935a57c4e9790b7c420eef7454d3fb7326; wilderness mods include pub data line 373 and lines 480ff
+- [ ] remove "cuts" versions
+
+
+Process oriented tasks:
+- [ ] Install and use [ReDoc](https://github.com/noamross/redoc/blob/master/README.md) for reversible conversion to docx
+- [ ] Consider implementing [knitcitations](https://github.com/cboettig/knitcitations)
+- [ ] Install and use [here](https://here.r-lib.org/)
+- [ ] Install and use [renv](https://rstudio.github.io/renv/)
+
+
+Underlying data work:
+- [ ] Convert shapefiles and csv to geopackages or geojson

TODO_postpub.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Future changes (post-publication) to consider:
+
+Spin off replicable operations into functions or packages:
+- [ ] Ingest OrdnanceSurvey open data
+- [ ] ProcessPubs, ProcessPlacesofWorship
+- [ ] Ingest geolytics grocery store data
+
+Clip shapes to buildings in admin plots, using st_difference
+- [ ] 01_admin_ecs_choropleth
+- [ ] 02_admin_ecs_normed_choropleth

data/WILDLAND_SCOTLAND.prj

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PROJCS["OSGB_1936_British_National_Grid",GEOGCS["GCS_OSGB 1936",DATUM["D_OSGB_1936",SPHEROID["Airy_1830",6377563.396,299.3249646]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",49],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-2],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996012717],PARAMETER["false_easting",400000],PARAMETER["false_northing",-100000],UNIT["Meter",1]]

data/WILDLAND_SCOTLAND.shp.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<MD_Metadata xmlns="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd"
+             xmlns:gco="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gco"
+             xmlns:gts="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gts"
+             xmlns:srv="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/srv"
+             xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
+             xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
+   <language>
+      <LanguageCode codeList="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php"
+                    codeListValue="eng"
+                    codeSpace="ISO639-2">eng</LanguageCode>
+   </language>
+   <characterSet>
+      <MD_CharacterSetCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_CharacterSetCode"
+                           codeListValue="utf8"
+                           codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">utf8</MD_CharacterSetCode>
+   </characterSet>
+   <hierarchyLevel>
+      <MD_ScopeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_ScopeCode"
+                    codeListValue="dataset"
+                    codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">dataset</MD_ScopeCode>
+   </hierarchyLevel>
+   <hierarchyLevelName>
+      <gco:CharacterString>dataset</gco:CharacterString>
+   </hierarchyLevelName>
+   <contact>
+      <CI_ResponsibleParty>
+         <individualName>
+            <gco:CharacterString>Geographic Information Group</gco:CharacterString>
+         </individualName>
+         <organisationName>
+            <gco:CharacterString>Scottish Natural Heritage</gco:CharacterString>
+         </organisationName>
+         <positionName>
+            <gco:CharacterString>Data Supply</gco:CharacterString>
+         </positionName>
+         <contactInfo>
+            <CI_Contact>
+               <phone>
+                  <CI_Telephone>
+                     <voice>
+                        <gco:CharacterString>01463 725000</gco:CharacterString>
+                     </voice>
+                  </CI_Telephone>
+               </phone>
+               <address>
+                  <CI_Address>
+                     <deliveryPoint>
+                        <gco:CharacterString>Great Glen House</gco:CharacterString>
+                     </deliveryPoint>
+                     <city>
+                        <gco:CharacterString>Inverness</gco:CharacterString>
+                     </city>
+                     <postalCode>
+                        <gco:CharacterString>IV3 8NW</gco:CharacterString>
+                     </postalCode>
+                     <electronicMailAddress>
+                        <gco:CharacterString>data_supply@nature.scot</gco:CharacterString>
+                     </electronicMailAddress>
+                  </CI_Address>
+               </address>
+            </CI_Contact>
+         </contactInfo>
+         <role>
+            <CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode"
+                         codeListValue="distributor"
+                         codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">distributor</CI_RoleCode>
+         </role>
+      </CI_ResponsibleParty>
+   </contact>
+   <dateStamp>
+      <gco:Date>2014-06-20</gco:Date>
+   </dateStamp>
+   <metadataStandardName>
+      <gco:CharacterString>ISO 19139 Geographic Information - Metadata - Implementation Specification</gco:CharacterString>
+   </metadataStandardName>
+   <metadataStandardVersion>
+      <gco:CharacterString>2007</gco:CharacterString>
+   </metadataStandardVersion>
+   <spatialRepresentationInfo>
+      <MD_GridSpatialRepresentation>
+         <numberOfDimensions gco:nilReason="missing"/>
+         <axisDimensionProperties>
+            <MD_Dimension>
+               <dimensionName>
+                  <MD_DimensionNameTypeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_DimensionNameTypeCode"
+                                            codeListValue="row"
+                                            codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">row</MD_DimensionNameTypeCode>
+               </dimensionName>
+               <dimensionSize gco:nilReason="missing"/>
+            </MD_Dimension>
+         </axisDimensionProperties>
+         <axisDimensionProperties>
+            <MD_Dimension>
+               <dimensionName>
+                  <MD_DimensionNameTypeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_DimensionNameTypeCode"
+                                            codeListValue="column"
+                                            codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">column</MD_DimensionNameTypeCode>
+               </dimensionName>
+               <dimensionSize gco:nilReason="missing"/>
+            </MD_Dimension>
+         </axisDimensionProperties>
+         <cellGeometry gco:nilReason="missing"/>
+         <transformationParameterAvailability>
+            <gco:Boolean>false</gco:Boolean>
+         </transformationParameterAvailability>
+      </MD_GridSpatialRepresentation>
+   </spatialRepresentationInfo>
+   <spatialRepresentationInfo>
+      <MD_VectorSpatialRepresentation>
+         <topologyLevel>
+            <MD_TopologyLevelCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopologyLevelCode"
+                                  codeListValue="geometryOnly"
+                                  codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">geometryOnly</MD_TopologyLevelCode>
+         </topologyLevel>
+         <geometricObjects>
+            <MD_GeometricObjects>
+               <geometricObjectType>
+                  <MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode"
+                                              codeListValue="composite"
+                                              codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">composite</MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode>
+               </geometricObjectType>
+               <geometricObjectCount>
+                  <gco:Integer>42</gco:Integer>
+               </geometricObjectCount>
+            </MD_GeometricObjects>
+         </geometricObjects>
+      </MD_VectorSpatialRepresentation>
+   </spatialRepresentationInfo>
+   <spatialRepresentationInfo>
+      <MD_VectorSpatialRepresentation>
+         <topologyLevel>
+            <MD_TopologyLevelCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopologyLevelCode"
+                                  codeListValue="geometryOnly"
+                                  codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">geometryOnly</MD_TopologyLevelCode>
+         </topologyLevel>
+         <geometricObjects>
+            <MD_GeometricObjects>
+               <geometricObjectType>
+                  <MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode"
+                                              codeListValue="composite"
+                                              codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">composite</MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode>
+               </geometricObjectType>
+               <geometricObjectCount>
+                  <gco:Integer>42</gco:Integer>
+               </geometricObjectCount>
+            </MD_GeometricObjects>
+         </geometricObjects>
+      </MD_VectorSpatialRepresentation>
+   </spatialRepresentationInfo>
+   <spatialRepresentationInfo>
+      <MD_VectorSpatialRepresentation>
+         <topologyLevel>
+            <MD_TopologyLevelCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopologyLevelCode"
+                                  codeListValue="geometryOnly"
+                                  codeSpace="ISOTC211/19115">geometryOnly</MD_TopologyLevelCode>
+         </topologyLevel>
+         <geometricObjects>
+            <MD_GeometricObjects>
+               <geometricObjectType>
+                  <MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_GeometricObjectTypeCode"
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+                  <gco:CharacterString>The data from the relative wildness map (Phase I) was split into eight wildness classes based on Jenks Natural Breaks Optimisation method. In Phase II extensive areas of the two highest classes were selected (using a guideline of &gt;650 ha) which with their adjacent areas of high wildness suggested the largest and most wild areas. Phase III selected and defined Wild Land Areas, with boundaries drawn applying informed judgements to confirm the selection of areas following a set of guidelines. This phase allowed for the consideration of wind farm development consented or built since the wildness mapping (Phase I) was produced. Note the coastal boundaries have been cut to follow the OS BoundaryLine MHWS line. In places such as Rum and the Garvellachs this coastline was of insufficient quality so OS VectorMap District was used instead. For more detailed information visit https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape-change/landscape-policy-and-guidance/landscape-policy-wild-land</gco:CharacterString>
+               </statement>
+            </LI_Lineage>
+         </lineage>
+      </DQ_DataQuality>
+   </dataQualityInfo>
+</MD_Metadata>

data/WILDLAND_SCOTLAND_metadata.html

@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+<HTML xmlns:gmd="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd" xmlns:gco="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gco" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">
+   <HEAD>
+      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript" src="/jslibs/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/metadata/resources/pagescript.js"></script><LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/metadata/resources/iso19139-screen.css">
+      <LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="/metadata/resources/iso19139-print.css">
+   </HEAD>
+   <BODY>
+      <div id="mainBox" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
+         <div id="mainheader">
+            <TABLE class="header">
+               <TR ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top">
+                  <TD class="noprint" width="290"><IMG SRC="/metadata/resources/logo.png" style="width:270px;padding:10px;"></TD>
+                  <TD WIDTH="100%" ROWSPAN="2">
+                     <H1>Wild land areas 2014</H1>
+                     <P><B>Responsible organisation: </B>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                     </P>
+                     <P><B>Metadata last updated: </B>2014-06-20
+                     </P>
+                  </TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR class="noprint">
+                  <TD class="smalltext" valign="bottom" align="left">Internal stylesheet for geo.View<br>To export please <A href="#" onClick="top.print()">print to PDF</A></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE>
+         </div>
+         <div id="dataIdSection">
+            <H2 class="desc-background">Data Description (What?)</H2>
+            <H3>Alternate titles</H3>
+            <p>Wild_land_areas_v4</p>
+            <p>Dataset name: GIS_SNH_OWNER.WLA_2014</p>
+            <H3>Reference date(s)</H3>
+            <p> 2014-03-31
+               - creation
+            </p>
+            <H3>Abstract</H3>
+            <div><DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The data contains boundaries of Wild Land Areas in Scotland as determined by their level of naturalness, remoteness, ruggedness and lack of built modern artefacts. Boundaries should be considered as ‘fuzzy’ rather than definitive to reflect the transitional nature of wild land. It is an updateand replacementto the previously published Core Areas of Wild Land(CAWL)produced in 2013. Note that the areas have been renumbered sequentially and differ from those on the CAWL map.</SPAN><SPAN>For more information </SPAN><SPAN>visit</SPAN><SPAN>https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape-change/landscape-policy-and-guidance/landscape-policy-wild-land</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></div>
+            <P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+            <H2 class="cont-background">Contact information (Who?)</H2>
+            <DIV class="contactInfo">
+               <TABLE>
+                  <TR>
+                     <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> pointOfContact
+                     </TD>
+                     <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Catherine Harry
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>Policy & Advice Officer / Landscape Adviser
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                        </LI>
+                        <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                              <TD>+44 01463 725098</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                              <TD><a href="mailto:catherine.harry@nature.scot">catherine.harry@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                              <TD>Great Glen House, Leachkin Road</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                              <TD>Inverness</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                              <TD>IV3 8NW</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Country</TD>
+                              <TD>United Kingdom</TD>
+                           </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                     </TD>
+                  </TR>
+               </TABLE>
+            </DIV>
+            <HR>
+            <DIV class="contactInfo">
+               <TABLE>
+                  <TR>
+                     <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> custodian
+                     </TD>
+                     <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Simon Brooks
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>Policy & Advice Manager - Landscape
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                        </LI>
+                        <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                              <TD>+44 01463 725000</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                              <TD><a href="mailto:simon.brooks@nature.scot">simon.brooks@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                              <TD>Great Glen House, Leachkin Road</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                              <TD>Inverness</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                              <TD>IV3 8NW</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Country</TD>
+                              <TD>United Kingdom</TD>
+                           </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                     </TD>
+                  </TR>
+               </TABLE>
+            </DIV>
+            <HR>
+            <DIV class="contactInfo">
+               <TABLE>
+                  <TR>
+                     <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> originator
+                     </TD>
+                     <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Duncan Blake
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>GI Analyst
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                        </LI>
+                        <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                              <TD>+44 01224 266502</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                              <TD><a href="mailto:duncan.blake@nature.scot">duncan.blake@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                              <TD>Inverdee House, Baxter Street, Torry</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                              <TD>Aberdeen</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                              <TD>AB11 9QA</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Country</TD>
+                              <TD>United Kingdom</TD>
+                           </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                     </TD>
+                  </TR>
+               </TABLE>
+            </DIV>
+            <DIV class="contactInfo">
+               <TABLE>
+                  <TR>
+                     <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> pointOfContact
+                     </TD>
+                     <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Geographic Information Group
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>Data Supply
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                        </LI>
+                        <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                              <TD>01463 725000</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                              <TD><a href="mailto:data_supply@nature.scot">data_supply@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                              <TD>Great Glen House</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                              <TD>Inverness</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                              <TD>IV3 8NW</TD>
+                           </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                     </TD>
+                  </TR>
+               </TABLE>
+            </DIV>
+            <h3>Metadata contact(s)</h3>
+            <DIV class="contactInfo">
+               <TABLE>
+                  <TR>
+                     <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> distributor
+                     </TD>
+                     <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Geographic Information Group
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>Data Supply
+                        </LI>
+                        <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                        </LI>
+                        <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                              <TD>01463 725000</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                              <TD><a href="mailto:data_supply@nature.scot">data_supply@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                              <TD>Great Glen House</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                              <TD>Inverness</TD>
+                           </TR>
+                           <TR>
+                              <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                              <TD>IV3 8NW</TD>
+                           </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                     </TD>
+                  </TR>
+               </TABLE>
+            </DIV>
+            <P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+            <H2 class="cont-background">Keywords, categories, classification</H2>
+            <H3>Topic category</H3>
+            <UL>
+               <LI>environment</LI>
+            </UL>
+            <H3>Place keywords </H3>
+            <LI>GB-SCT</LI>
+            <H3>Theme keywords </H3>
+            <LI>Environmental protection</LI>
+            <LI>Downloadable Data</LI>
+            <P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+            <H2 class="cont-background">Dataset background, process history</H2>
+            <H3>Lineage, dataset history </H3>
+            <div class="wrapme">The data from the relative wildness map (Phase I) was split into eight wildness classes based on Jenks Natural Breaks Optimisation method. In Phase II extensive areas of the two highest classes were selected (using a guideline of >650 ha) which with their adjacent areas of high wildness suggested the largest and most wild areas. Phase III selected and defined Wild Land Areas, with boundaries drawn applying informed judgements to confirm the selection of areas following a set of guidelines. This phase allowed for the consideration of wind farm development consented or built since the wildness mapping (Phase I) was produced. Note the coastal boundaries have been cut to follow the OS BoundaryLine MHWS line. In places such as Rum and the Garvellachs this coastline was of insufficient quality so OS VectorMap District was used instead. For more detailed information visit https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape-change/landscape-policy-and-guidance/landscape-policy-wild-land</div>
+            <P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+            <H2 class="legl-background">Maintenance and legal restrictions</H2>
+            <H3>Maintenance</H3><B>Update frequency: </B> unknown<BR><H3>Access and usage constraints</H3>
+            <TABLE width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD colspan="2"><B>Usage constraints</B></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD nowrap valign="top" width="250">Limitations of use: </TD>
+                  <TD width="100%"><DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>Available under the Open Government Licence (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence)</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><TABLE width="95%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD colspan="2"><B>Legal Constraints</B></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD nowrap width="250" valign="top">Access constraints: </TD>
+                  <TD width="100%"> license<BR> copyright<BR></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD nowrap width="250" valign="top">Use constraints: </TD>
+                  <TD width="100%"></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD nowrap width="250" valign="top">Attribution, acknowledgements: </TD>
+                  <TD width="100%">Available under the Open Government Licence (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence). You must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: Copyright Scottish Natural Heritage Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right (year)</TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+            <H2 class="geog-background">Geographic properties (Where?)</H2>
+            <H3>Spatial Reference System</H3>
+            <P>
+               <P><B>Name: </B>27700
+               </P>
+               <P><B>Code space: </B>EPSG
+               </P>
+               <P><B>Version: </B>7.4.1
+               </P>
+            </P>
+            <H3>Spatial resolution</H3>
+            <P>Ground sample distance - 
+                25 metres
+            </P>
+            <H3>Extent</H3>
+            <P>Bounding coordinates (WGS84, lat/lon)</P>
+            <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" class="extentTable">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" width="100" valign="bottom"> 60.598607</TD>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR height="100">
+                  <TD nowrap align="right"> -7.88229</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD nowrap> -1.354187</TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" valign="top"> 54.995434</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><H3>Extent</H3>
+            <P>Bounding coordinates (WGS84, lat/lon)</P>
+            <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" class="extentTable">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" width="100" valign="bottom"> 60.598607</TD>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR height="100">
+                  <TD nowrap align="right"> -7.88229</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD nowrap> -1.354187</TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" valign="top"> 54.995434</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><H3>Extent</H3>
+            <P>Bounding coordinates (WGS84, lat/lon)</P>
+            <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" class="extentTable">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" width="100" valign="bottom"> 60.598607</TD>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR height="100">
+                  <TD nowrap align="right"> -7.88229</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD nowrap> -1.354187</TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" valign="top"> 54.995434</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><H3>Extent</H3>
+            <P>Bounding coordinates (WGS84, lat/lon)</P>
+            <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" class="extentTable">
+               <TR>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" width="100" valign="bottom"> 65.171944</TD>
+                  <TD width="100"></TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR height="100">
+                  <TD nowrap align="right"> -28.171997</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD nowrap> 15.227695</TD>
+               </TR>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD></TD>
+                  <TD align="center" valign="top"> 45.501382</TD>
+                  <TD></TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE><BR><P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+         </div>
+         <H2 class="dist-background">Distribution Information</H2>
+         <h3>Distributor contact</h3>
+         <DIV class="contactInfo">
+            <TABLE>
+               <TR>
+                  <TD valign="top" width="180" nowrap><B>Role: </B> distributor
+                  </TD>
+                  <TD style="font-weight:bold;">
+                     <LI><SPAN class="thin">Individual's name </SPAN>Geographic Information Group
+                     </LI>
+                     <LI><SPAN class="thin">Contact's position </SPAN>Data Supply
+                     </LI>
+                     <LI><SPAN class="thin">Organization </SPAN>Scottish Natural Heritage
+                     </LI>
+                     <TABLE border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+                        <TR>
+                           <TD width="150">Telephone</TD>
+                           <TD>01463 725000</TD>
+                        </TR>
+                        <TR>
+                           <TD width="150">E-mail address</TD>
+                           <TD><a href="mailto:data_supply@nature.scot">data_supply@nature.scot</a></TD>
+                        </TR>
+                        <TR>
+                           <TD width="150">Delivery point</TD>
+                           <TD>Great Glen House</TD>
+                        </TR>
+                        <TR>
+                           <TD width="150">City</TD>
+                           <TD>Inverness</TD>
+                        </TR>
+                        <TR>
+                           <TD width="150">Postal code</TD>
+                           <TD>IV3 8NW</TD>
+                        </TR><BR></TABLE>
+                  </TD>
+               </TR>
+            </TABLE>
+         </DIV>
+         <h3>Available formats</h3>
+         <LI>File Geodatabase Feature Class
+            (version )
+            
+         </LI><BR><P class="noprint" align="right"><A HREF="#Top">Back to Top</A></P>
+      </div>
+   </BODY>
+</HTML>

data/scotland_admin_2011pop.csv

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Council areas,2011_pop,CODE
+council areas,2011_pop,code
 Aberdeen City,"222,793",S12000033
 Aberdeenshire,"252,973",S12000034
 Angus,"115,978",S12000041

data/scotland_and_wales_const_scotland_2011pop.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+CODE,Scottish Parliamentary Constituency Name,Postcode Population,Postcodes,Output area population,Output areas,OA Population minus PC Population,"% difference, OA Population - PC Population",Data zone Population,Data zones,DZ Population minus PC Population,"% difference, DZ Population - PC Population"
+S16000074,Aberdeen Central,"83,618","2,071","83,557",778,-61,-0.07,"83,180",100,-438,-0.5
+S16000075,Aberdeen Donside,"78,492","1,853","78,497",683,5,0.01,"78,359",105,-133,-0.2
+S16000076,Aberdeen South and North Kincardine,"74,686","1,933","74,663",637,-23,-0.03,"74,947",95,261,0.3
+S16000077,Aberdeenshire East,"77,707","2,914","77,427",624,-280,-0.36,"78,196",107,489,0.6
+S16000078,Aberdeenshire West,"73,159","2,866","73,253",575,94,0.13,"73,383",101,224,0.3
+S16000079,Airdrie and Shotts,"70,674","1,534","69,935",578,-739,-1.05,"69,863",95,-811,-1.1
+S16000080,Almond Valley,"85,232","1,603","85,165",652,-67,-0.08,"85,219",114,-13,0
+S16000081,Angus North and Mearns,"70,311","2,197","70,567",610,256,0.36,"70,990",93,679,1
+S16000082,Angus South,"72,629","2,383","72,452",619,-177,-0.24,"72,260",98,-369,-0.5
+S16000083,Argyll and Bute,"62,449","2,124","62,306",582,-143,-0.23,"62,449",88,0,0
+S16000084,Ayr,"76,922","2,015","76,846",686,-76,-0.1,"76,602",105,-320,-0.4
+S16000085,Banffshire and Buchan Coast,"75,850","2,778","76,084",644,234,0.31,"75,185",99,-665,-0.9
+S16000086,"Caithness, Sutherland and Ross","71,863","2,506","71,882",622,19,0.03,"71,296",100,-567,-0.8
+S16000087,"Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley","76,411","2,603","76,445",676,34,0.04,"76,689",103,278,0.4
+S16000088,Clackmannanshire and Dunblane,"68,014","1,692","67,944",548,-70,-0.1,"68,022",91,8,0
+S16000089,Clydebank and Milngavie,"71,354","1,838","71,768",642,414,0.58,"71,644",90,290,0.4
+S16000090,Clydesdale,"72,935","2,099","72,866",621,-69,-0.09,"72,519",99,-416,-0.6
+S16000091,Coatbridge and Chryston,"70,092","1,581","69,965",584,-127,-0.18,"70,750",91,658,0.9
+S16000092,Cowdenbeath,"71,270","1,559","71,249",611,-21,-0.03,"71,245",97,-25,0
+S16000093,Cumbernauld and Kilsyth,"65,183","1,177","65,405",530,222,0.34,"64,871",85,-312,-0.5
+S16000094,Cunninghame North,"71,585","2,222","71,683",648,98,0.14,"71,510",94,-75,-0.1
+S16000095,Cunninghame South,"66,561","1,685","66,463",566,-98,-0.15,"66,636",92,75,0.1
+S16000096,Dumbarton,"72,254","2,137","71,957",654,-297,-0.41,"72,533",102,279,0.4
+S16000097,Dumfriesshire,"77,148","3,042","77,160",662,12,0.02,"76,900",103,-248,-0.3
+S16000098,Dundee City East,"72,022","1,953","72,001",670,-21,-0.03,"70,664",94,"-1,358",-1.9
+S16000099,Dundee City West,"75,246","2,181","75,267",674,21,0.03,"76,604",94,"1,358",1.8
+S16000100,Dunfermline,"72,714","1,757","72,643",603,-71,-0.1,"72,643",100,-71,-0.1
+S16000101,East Kilbride,"75,256","1,601","75,201",653,-55,-0.07,"75,724",105,468,0.6
+S16000102,East Lothian,"74,756","2,224","74,719",627,-37,-0.05,"74,719",98,-37,0
+S16000103,Eastwood,"66,546","1,665","66,511",515,-35,-0.05,"66,511",89,-35,-0.1
+S16000104,Edinburgh Central,"83,731","2,208","83,867",792,136,0.16,"83,965",99,234,0.3
+S16000105,Edinburgh Eastern,"79,840","1,930","79,883",743,43,0.05,"80,497",105,657,0.8
+S16000106,Edinburgh Northern and Leith,"86,205","1,971","86,344",837,139,0.16,"85,328",107,-877,-1
+S16000107,Edinburgh Pentlands,"73,325","1,796","73,177",619,-148,-0.2,"73,108",94,-217,-0.3
+S16000108,Edinburgh Southern,"77,706","1,846","77,561",679,-145,-0.19,"76,990",96,-716,-0.9
+S16000109,Edinburgh Western,"75,819","2,094","75,794",652,-25,-0.03,"76,738",96,919,1.2
+S16000110,Na h-Eileanan an Iar,"27,684",882,"27,684",253,0,0,"27,684",36,0,0
+S16000111,"Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire","68,309","2,675","68,312",633,3,0,"68,482",87,173,0.3
+S16000112,Falkirk East,"78,413","1,959","78,458",680,45,0.06,"78,707",106,294,0.4
+S16000113,Falkirk West,"77,577","1,858","77,532",670,-45,-0.06,"77,283",108,-294,-0.4
+S16000114,Galloway and West Dumfries,"74,176","3,441","74,164",664,-12,-0.02,"74,424",98,248,0.3
+S16000115,Glasgow Anniesland,"74,843","1,811","74,628",693,-215,-0.29,"73,718",92,"-1,125",-1.5
+S16000116,Glasgow Cathcart,"74,914","1,602","74,883",697,-31,-0.04,"74,554",96,-360,-0.5
+S16000117,Glasgow Kelvin,"79,100","2,108","79,334",754,234,0.3,"82,550",94,"3,450",4.4
+S16000118,Glasgow Maryhill and Springburn,"74,709","1,658","74,753",711,44,0.06,"72,206",90,"-2,503",-3.4
+S16000119,Glasgow Pollok,"78,377","1,812","78,356",684,-21,-0.03,"78,080",101,-297,-0.4
+S16000120,Glasgow Provan,"73,150","1,736","72,896",662,-254,-0.35,"72,837",98,-313,-0.4
+S16000121,Glasgow Shettleston,"72,212","1,859","72,390",675,178,0.25,"72,690",93,478,0.7
+S16000122,Glasgow Southside,"65,953","1,586","66,005",610,52,0.08,"66,610",82,657,1
+S16000123,Greenock and Inverclyde,"76,325","1,941","76,221",689,-104,-0.14,"76,221",107,-104,-0.1
+S16000124,"Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse","73,361","1,694","73,468",636,107,0.15,"73,170",99,-191,-0.3
+S16000125,Inverness and Nairn,"86,122","2,108","86,191",736,69,0.08,"86,769",115,647,0.8
+S16000126,Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley,"82,233","2,412","82,275",731,42,0.05,"82,275",108,42,0.1
+S16000127,Kirkcaldy,"78,045","1,881","78,007",718,-38,-0.05,"78,117",105,72,0.1
+S16000128,Linlithgow,"89,886","2,163","89,953",766,67,0.07,"89,899",125,13,0
+S16000129,Mid Fife and Glenrothes,"69,396","1,734","69,972",620,576,0.83,"70,038",96,642,0.9
+S16000130,Midlothian North and Musselburgh,"78,002","2,368","78,174",675,172,0.22,"78,255",107,253,0.3
+S16000131,"Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale","75,707","2,461","75,569",642,-138,-0.18,"75,318",98,-389,-0.5
+S16000132,Moray,"78,587","2,389","78,539",668,-48,-0.06,"78,539",106,-48,-0.1
+S16000133,Motherwell and Wishaw,"73,924","1,589","74,624",645,700,0.95,"74,764",101,840,1.1
+S16000134,North East Fife,"73,773","2,428","73,327",624,-446,-0.6,"73,155",96,-618,-0.8
+S16000135,Orkney Islands,"21,349",663,"21,349",190,0,0,"21,349",29,0,0
+S16000136,Paisley,"71,350","1,710","71,384",670,34,0.05,"72,034",91,684,1
+S16000137,Perthshire North,"70,092","2,628","70,179",623,87,0.12,"70,979",89,887,1.3
+S16000138,Perthshire South and Kinrossshire,"76,560","2,323","76,473",657,-87,-0.11,"75,673",97,-887,-1.2
+S16000139,Renfrewshire North and West,"64,917","1,647","65,037",556,120,0.18,"64,446",85,-471,-0.7
+S16000140,Renfrewshire South,"67,829","1,713","67,814",594,-15,-0.02,"67,755",89,-74,-0.1
+S16000141,Rutherglen,"75,866","1,915","75,912",683,46,0.06,"76,028",106,162,0.2
+S16000142,Shetland Islands,"23,167",582,"23,167",200,0,0,"23,167",30,0,0
+S16000143,"Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch","74,147","2,394","74,059",648,-88,-0.12,"74,067",97,-80,-0.1
+S16000144,Stirling,"73,675","2,189","73,745",637,70,0.1,"73,667",102,-8,0
+S16000145,Strathkelvin and Bearsden,"77,842","2,220","77,881",643,39,0.05,"77,286",96,-556,-0.7
+S16000146,Uddingston and Bellshill,"74,266","1,913","74,181",618,-85,-0.11,"73,868",97,-398,-0.5

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----
-title:  "Mapping Environmental Action in Scotland"
-abstract:    
-# thanks: "Replication files are available on the author's Github account (https://github.com/kidwellj/mapping_environmental_action). **Current version**: February 05, 2019
-style:  jeremy1
-author: "[Jeremy H. Kidwell](http://jeremykidwell.info)"
-affiliation: University of Birmingham
-institute: University of Birmingham
-e-mail: "[j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk](mailto:j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk)"
-date: "2019-02-05"
-bibliography: biblio.bib
-linkcolor: black
-geometry: margin=1in
-# fontfamily: mathpazo
-fontsize: 11pt
-output:
-  html_document:
-    theme: readable
-    keep_md: true
-    code_folding: hide
-    self_contained: false
-    toc: true
-    toc_depth: 2
-    number_sections: true
-    fig_caption: true
-    fig_retina: 1
-  pdf_document:
-    toc: false
-    keep_tex: true
-    number_sections: true
-    fig_caption: true
-    citation_package: natbib
-    latex_engine: xelatex
----
-
-
-
-
-
-# Introduction[^15541312]
-
-Until recently, environmentalism has been treated by governments and environmental charities as a largely secular concern. In spite of the well-developed tradition of "eco-theology" which began in earnest in the UK in the mid-twentieth century (and which has many precursors in previous centuries), third-sector groups and governments, particularly in Britain and Europe, have largely ignored religious groups as they have gone about their business crafting agendas for behaviour change, developing funding programmes, and developing platforms to mitigate ecological harm, motivate consumers and create regulation regimes. That this has changed is evidenced by the fact that several prominent non-religious environmental groups have commissioned studies and crafted outreach programmes to persons with a particular faith tradition or to "spiritual communities" including RSPB (2013) and the Sierra Club USA (2008).[^158261118] Further, since 2008, the Scottish Government has provided a significant portion of funding for the ecumenical charity, Eco-Congregation Scotland, which works to promote literacy on environmental issues in religious communities in Scotland and helps to certify congregations under their award programme. What is not well known, however, even by these religious environmental groups themselves, is whether or how their membership might be different from other environmental groups. This study represents an attempt to illuminate this new interest with some more concrete data about religious groups in Scotland and how they may differ from non-religious counterparts.
-
-# Eco-Congregation Scotland: The Basics
-
-
-
-There are 344 eco-congregations in Scotland. By some measurements, particularly in terms of individual sites and possibly also with regards to volunteers, this makes Eco-Congregation Scotland one of the largest environmental third-sector groups in Scotland.[^159141043] 
-
-In seeking to conduct GIS and statistical analysis of ECS, it is important to note that there some ways in which these sites are statistically opaque. Our research conducted through interviews at a sampling of sites and analysis of a variety of documents suggests that there is a high level of diversity both in terms of the number of those participating in environmental action and the types of action underway at specific sites. Work at a particular site can also ebb and flow over the course of time. Of course, as research into other forms of activism and secular environmental NGOs has shown, this is no different from any other third sector volunteer group. Variability is a regular feature of groups involved in activism and/or environmental concern. 
-
-For the sake of this analysis, we took each Eco-Congregation Scotland site to represent a point of analysis as if each specific site represented a community group which had "opted-in" on environmental concern. On this basis, in this section, in the tradition of human geography, we "map" environmental action  among religious communities in Scotland a variety of ways. This is the first major geographical analysis of this kind conducted to date in Europe. We measure the frequency and location of ECS sites against a variety of standard geo-referenced statistical data sets, seeking to provide a statistical and geographically based assessment of the participation of religious groups in relation to the following:
-
-- Location within Scotland
-- Religious affiliation
-- Relation to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD)
-- Relation to the 8-Fold Scottish Government Urban-Rural Scale 
-- Proximity to "wilderness" (based on several different designations)
-
-For the sake of comparison, we also measured the geographical footprint of two other forms of community group in Scotland, (1) Transition Towns (taking into account their recent merge with Scotland Communities Climate Action Network) and (2) member groups of the Development Trust Association Scotland ("DTAS"). These two groups provide a helpful basis for comparison as they are not centralised and thus have a significant geographical dispersion across Scotland. They also provide a useful comparison as transition is a (mostly) non-religious environmental movement, and community development trusts are not explicitly linked to environmental conservation (though this is often part of their remit), so we have a non-religious point of comparison in Transition and a non-environmental point of comparison with DTAS
-
-# Technical Background
-
-Analysis was conducted using QGIS 2.8 and R 3.5.2, and data-sets were generated in CSV format.[^15541313] To begin with, I assembled a data set consisting of x and y coordinates for each congregation in Scotland and collated this against a variety of other specific data. Coordinates were checked by matching UK postcodes of individual congregations against geo-referencing data in the Office for National Statistics postcode database. In certain instances a single "congregation" is actually a series of sites which have joined together under one administrative unit. In these cases, each site was treated as a separate data point if worship was held at that site at least once a month, but all joined sites shared a single unique identifier. As noted above, two other datasets were generated for the sake of comparative analysis.[^177171536] These included one similar Environmental Non-Governmental Organisation (ENGO) in Scotland (1) Transition Scotland (which includes Scotland Communities Climate Action Network);[^15541342] and another community-based NGO, Scottish Community Development Trusts.[^158261232] As this report will detail, these three overlap in certain instances both literally and in terms of their aims, but each also has a separate identity and footprint in Scotland. Finally, in order to normalise data, we utilised the PointX POI dataset which maintains a complete database of Places of Worship in Scotland.[^15541614]
-
-# Background and History of Eco-Congregation Scotland
-
-Eco-Congregation Scotland began a year before the official launch of Eco-Congregation England and Wales, in 1999, as part of an effort by Kippen Environment Centre (later renamed to Forth Environment Link, or "FEL") a charity devoted to environmental education in central Scotland[^158261210] to broaden the scope of its environmental outreach to churches in central Scotland.[^15826124] Initial funding was provided, through Kippen Environment Centre by way of a "sustainable action grant" (with funds drawn from a government landfill tax) through a government programme called Keep Scotland Beautiful (the Scottish cousin of Keep Britain Tidy). After this initial pilot project concluded, the Church of Scotland provided additional funding for the project in the form of staff time and office space. Additional funding a few years later from the Scottish Government helped subsidise the position of a business manager, and in 2011 the United Reformed Church contributed additional funding which subsidised the position of a full-time environmental chaplain for a 5-year term, bringing the total staff to five.
-
-
-
-The programme launched officially in 2001 at Dunblane Cathedral in Stirling and by 2005 the project had 89 congregations registered to be a part of the programme and 25 which had completed the curriculum successfully and received an Eco-Congregation award. By 2011, the number of registrations had tripled to 269 and the number of awarded congregations had quadrupled to `sum(ecs$award1 < "01/01/2012", na.rm=TRUE)`. This process of taking registrations and using a tiered award or recognition scheme is common to many voluntary organisations. The ECS curriculum was developed in part by consulting the Eco-Congregation England and Wales materials which had been released just a year earlier in 1999, though it has been subsequently revised, particularly with a major redesign in 2010. In the USA, a number of similar groups take a similar approach including Earth Ministry (earthministry.org) and Green Faith (greenfaith.org). 
-
-In the case of Eco-Congregation Scotland, congregations are invited to begin by "registering" their interest in the programme by completing a basic one-sided form. The next step requires the completion of an award application, which includes a facilitated curriculum called a "church check-up" and after an application is submitted, the site is visited and assessed by third-party volunteer assessors. Sites are invited to complete additional applications for further awards which are incremental (as is the application process). Transition communities, at least in the period reflected on their map, go through a similar process (though this does not involve the use of a supplied curriculum) by which they are marked first as "interested," become "active" and then gain "official" status.[^1554162]
-
-# Representation by Regional Authorities (Council Areas)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Perhaps the first important question to ask of these groups is, where are they? I calculated the spread of eco-congregations and transition groups across each of the 32 council areas in Scotland. Every council area in Scotland has at least one eco-congregation or transition group). The most are located in , with 48, whereas the mean among all the 32 council areas is 10.75, with a median of 8, standard deviation of 9.4698162, and interquartile range of 11.5. The following choropleth maps show the relative concentration of eco-congregations (indicated by yellow to red). 
-
-(*TODO: need to implement*) Though there are too few eco-congregations and transition groups for a numerically significant representation in any of the intermediate geographies, mapping the concentration of sites by agricultural parishes allows for a more granular visual and I include this for comparison sake. Note, for the sake of a more accurate visual communication, we have also marked out areas of Scotland that are uninhabited with hash marks on the map of agricultural parishes. (*TODO: this will be done in the final draft, once I get my image masking fixed!*).[^15571030]
-
-![Figure 1](figures/plot_admin_ecs_choropleth-1.png)
-
-![Figure 2](figures/plot_admin_ecs_normed_choropleth-1.png)![Figure 2](figures/plot_admin_ecs_normed_choropleth-2.png)
-
-Given the way population and places of worship are unevenly distributed across Scotland it is important to represent data in terms of relative distribution. For this study, we attempted to "normalise" our data in two different ways, (1) as shown by Figure 2 above, by taking population figures from the 2011 census (see data sheet in Appendix A) and (2) by adjusting relative to the number of places of worship in each council region.[^15914204] The latter of these two can yield particularly unexpected results. Thus, of the 4048 "places of worship" in Scotland, the highest concentration is actually the  region, with 435, second is 329 (). Rank of Council Areas by population and number of places of worship is also included in Appendix A.
-
-
-
-We can use this data to normalise our figures regarding Eco-Congregation Scotland communities and this draws the presence in Edinburgh of ECS communities into even sharper relief, as Edinburgh, though ranked second in terms of population and fifth in terms of places of worship, ranks first for the presence of all ECS congregations and awarded ECS congregations. However, taking population as the basis for normalisation first, we find that Edinburgh is far from the most prominent outlier. In trying to communicate this difference for a lay-audience, we have chosen to list this difference as a multiplier (i.e. there are 2.x times as many congregations as their share of population and an average figure of congregations might allow for) as this conveys the difference in a straight-forward way. Outliers where the disparity between their relative share of the total ECS footprint and their relative share of population is different by a positive ratio of more than double include the Orkney Islands (3.7 times more eco-congregations than their expected average share based on population), Argyll and Bute (`admin_lev1[CODE=S12000023]$ecs_pop_factor` 4.2x), Stirling (2.76x), and Perthshire and Kinross (2.18x). Interestingly, there are no outliers whose relative share of the total footprint of ECS is double or more in the negative direction (see Appendix A chart for full numbers). 
-
-Turning to the total of 4048 "places of worship" in Scotland, we find a slightly different picture of the relative concentration of Eco-Congregations in Scotland. In this case, the outliers are 
-
-Whereas our initial measurements indicated a prominent lead for Edinburgh, by normalising our data in this way we can highlight the stronger-than-expected presence of several others that might otherwise escape notice because they lie in a region with significantly lower population or numerically less places of worship. Taking the PointX data on "places of worship" in Scotland, we find a less dramatic picture, but also a slightly different one. The positive outliers include East Renfrewshire (3.4x) Edinburgh (2.9x), Stirling (2.2), West Lothian (1.9x) and Aberdeen (1.5x). Again, negative outliers are far less dramatic, with only Midlothian possessing a ratio of more than 100% negative difference from the number of "places of worship" at 1.5x *fewer*.
-
-![](figures/create_admin_barplot-1.png)<!-- -->
-
-## Concentration of groups {.tabset}
-
-### Choropleth
-
-![Figure 4](figures/create_choropleth_others-1.png)![Figure 4](figures/create_choropleth_others-2.png)![Figure 4](figures/create_choropleth_others-3.png)
-
-### Cartogram
-
-
-
-We can compare the representation in these various regions against our comparison groups to see how other community-based organisations cluster in Scottish administrative districts. Here there are some significant contrasts. Scottish Community Development trusts are most intensely concentrated in the Highlands and Argyll & Bute. But, this is consistent with all the other categories, Eco-Congregations, Places of Worship, and dtas are all over-represented in this area, varying only by the degree. Edinburgh is different, here we find that Eco-Congregations and Transition projects are over-represented, while dtass are under-represented. Finally, the highlands are another strong contrast, here we find a very strong over-representation by transition towns and dtass while the representation of Eco-Congregations is relatively close to the population share for that area. The two areas of greatest contrast for Eco-Congregations from the other groups are unsurprising, Edinburgh is the location of the ECS offices, while Stirling is the area in which ECS first began (see Appendix B for full data). 
-
-# Christian Denominations #
-
-Eco-Congregation Scotland describes itself as an "ecumenical movement helping local groups of Christians link environmental issues to their faith, reduce their environmental impact and engage with their local community." There are several ties to the Church of Scotland, as the denomination provides office space to Eco-Congregation Scotland in the Church of Scotland complex at 121 George Street in Edinburgh and provides funding for one full-time member of staff. In spite of this, ECS has, from the start, attempted to emphasise its ecumenical aspirations and this is reflected in a wide variety of ways. The name "eco-congregation" is meant to be tradition neutral (in interviews, staff noted how they have sought to avoid names such as "eco-kirk" which would be the more obvious Presbyterian title, or "eco-community" or "eco-church" which might indicate allegiance towards another). Further, the group has a environmental chaplain on their staff whose position is funded by the United Reformed Church, and other members of staff are funded by the Scottish government, and as such, carry no formal affiliation with a religious institution. This diversity and ecumenicism is reflected in a membership which is, though dominated by the Church of Scotland, nevertheless, made up of a range of Christian traditions. 
-
-Though these are not numerically significant, it is important to note that some member congregations describe themselves as ecumenical communities, and others are hybrids reflecting the merging of two traditions. As this ecumenical/hybrid designation involves a small number of the overall total, for the sake of this research, these have been combined into a category called "ecumenical." Further, as research conducted by Church of Scotland statistician Fiona Tweedie has shown, in many Scottish communities with only one church, members of this church will specify their denominational affiliation in a variety of ways (Roman Catholic, Quaker, Methodist, etc.) even though the church and its minister are formally affiliated with the Church of Scotland.[^159142242] So, we should be careful not to assume that the various denominational affiliations of eco-congregations are indicative in an absolute way.
-
-A wide variety of historians and sociologists of religion have noted the regional significance of different Christian denominations in Scotland so we sought to assess the relative distribution and concentration of eco-congregations by denomination. Finding comparative statistics is a complex task, made more complicated by several factors. First, most demographic data on religious belonging in Scotland comes in the form of the 2011 census and as such is far more atomised than this data-set which identifies groups at the level of "congregations" rather than individuals. Equating these two is also complex, as participation by members of congregations can be measured in a variety of ways, there are often a small number of active participants in each eco-congregation group, but may also be a large scale, but passive, support by the wider community. 
-
-So why provide this kind of data (i.e. at the level of individual churches) when more granular data (i.e. at the level of individuals persons) is available in the form of the census and related parallel publications such as the 2008 Scottish Environmental Attitudes survey? We believe that mapping places of worship provides a useful intermediate level of analysis and may complement our more atomised understanding of EA which has been assessed at the level of individual persons to date. Because representation within some administrative areas of Scotland, can lead to a small number of data points, we have kept analysis to a National level and have not provided more specific administrative-area level calculations.
-
-
-Table: ECS by denomination
-
-                  x
--------------  ----
-Baptist           4
-C of S          254
-C of S / URC      3
-Cong              1
-Ecu               5
-FCS               1
-Independent       2
-Meth              4
-Non.              1
-Quaker            1
-RC               15
-SEC              41
-Unitarian         1
-URC              11
-
-
-As one might expect, there is a strong representation of the Church of Scotland, almost 74% of eco-congregations, with this number remaining the same when we only count awarded sites. We can confirm, on the basis of this analysis that ECS has a disproportional representation by Church of Scotland churches. At the 2002 church census count, it only represented 40.20% of Scottish churches (1666 of 4144 total churches). Similarly, on the 2011 Scottish census, only 32.44% of persons claimed to be members of the Church of Scotland. We can adjust this representation to 60%, if one excludes the 2,445,204 persons (46% of the total on the census) who reported either "no religion" or adherence to a religious tradition not currently represented among the eco-congregation sites. There is a slight over-representation by the United Reformed church, though this seems considerably more dramatic when one takes into account the fact that this is a trebling or more of their overall share of Scottish churches. The URC makes up only sightly more than 1% of church buildings in Scotland and a tiny 0.04% of respondents to the 2011 census. The Scottish Episcopal church hovers right around a proportional representation within ECS. More concerning are the significant underrepresentation by Roman Catholic churches, Baptists, the Free Church of Scotland, and other independent churches. 
-
-While Roman Catholic churches make up just over 10% of the church buildings in Scotland, less than 5% of churches registered as eco-congregations are RC. Even more dramatic is the quartering of baptist churches, and the non-existent representation among the significant group of independent churches and small denominations. These make up nearly 25% of all Scottish churches (over a thousand) and yet only 4 have registered as eco-congregations. We provide several tentative advisories in response to these under-representations in the final section of this paper.
-
-# Eco-Congregations, Urban, Rural and Remote
-
-
-```
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "SG_UrbanRural_2016"
-## with 8 features
-## It has 6 fields
-```
-
-Rather than bifurcate congregations into an urban/rural dichotomy, for this study we used the Scottish Government's six-point remoteness scale to categorise eco-congregations along a spectrum of highly populated to remote areas. This 8-fold scale (calculated biennially) offers a more nuanced measurement that combines measurements of remoteness and population along the following lines:
-
-1. Large Urban Areas - Settlements of over 125,000 people.
-2. Other Urban Areas - Settlements of 10,000 to 125,000 people. 
-3. Accessible Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people, and within a 30 minute drive time of a Settlement of 10,000 or more. 
-4. Remote Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people, and with a drive time between 30 and 60 minutes to a Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-5. Very Remote Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people, and with a drive time of over 60 minutes to a Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-6. Accessible Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000 people, and within a drive time of 30 minutes to a Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-7. Remote Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000 people, and with a drive time of between 30 and 60 minutes to a Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-8. Very Remote Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000 people, and with a drive time of over 60 minutes to a Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-
-The key question which this analysis seeks to answer is whether ECS, or the other groups surveyed, are more concentrated in Urban or Rural areas, so as is the case below with our analysis of deprivation, we are concerned with the outer conditions, i.e. the urban areas (items 1-2) and remote areas (items 7-8).
-
-Of all the groups surveyed in this study, Eco-Congregation Scotland is the most heavily concentrated in large urban areas (33.53%), exceeding by almost 50% the rate for all places of worship (22.96% in large urban areas). Transition is a much more modest 20% and development trusts a bit lower at 15%. It is interesting to note that the rate of ECS concentration in these large urban areas matches the level of overall population distribution (34.5%). On the other end of the scale, Eco-Congregation Scotland is the least concentrated in remote rural areas (with 3.93% on level 7 and 5.44% on level 8 on the urban-rural scale), though again, they correlate roughly to the general population distribution (3.2% and 2.9% respectively). Places of worship outpace both the population of Scotland and the footprint of Eco-Congregation Scotland, with 14.98% in very remote rural areas, but this is exceeded by transition at 16.47% and both by Scottish community development trusts at 32.14%. So while Eco-Congregation Scotland correlates roughly with Scottish population distribution across the urban-rural scale, it has a considerably more urban profile than either of the other two groups surveyed.
-
-![](figures/create_ur_barplot-1.png)<!-- -->
-
-![Figure 9](figures/create_urbanrural_ecs_chart_choropleth-1.png)
-
-
-# Wealth, Employment, and Literacy
-
-
-```
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "sc_dz_11"
-## with 6976 features
-## It has 9 fields
-```
-
-## SIMD representation across domains by group {.tabset}
-
-### Jitterplot
-
-
-
-### Barplot
-
-![](figures/create_simd_barplot-1.png)<!-- -->
-
-### Boxplot
-
-
-
-
-Another crucial point of assessment relates to the relation of Eco-Congregation communities to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. This instrument aggregates a large variety of factors which can lead to deprivation including crime rates, employment levels, access to services (implicating remoteness), and literacy. By assessing ECS, Transition, and dtas against the deprivation scale, we can assess whether eco-congregations fall within particular demographics and also whether the fully aggregated SIMD measurement provides a useful point of comparison for our purposes. The SIMD essentially divides Scotland into 6407 geographic zones and then ranks them based on their relative deprivation. This data set can be split into any number of groups, but for our purposes we have settled on Quintiles, splitting the SIMD data set at every 1302 entries. We then measured where each transition group, ECS, and dtas fell within these zones and calculated how they fell into these five quintiles, from more to least deprived.
-
-The first, and most compelling finding is that, in general Eco-Congregation Scotland and Transition Scotland are both roughly the same and match the level of population distribution in the lowest quintile of the general SIMD measurement. 8% of transition groups and eco-congregation groups which have received awards and 9% of the population are located within this quintile. However, taken in relation to the distribution of places of worship in the lowest quintile, we find that eco-congregations are located at half the rate that places of worship are (15%) and dtass match this much more closely at 14%. Turning towards the top quintile, this pattern also holds, here both transition groups (21%) and eco-congregations (21% and 29% of awarded congregations) depart from the population distribution in this upper quintile (which is 10%). Again, general places of worship (at 11%) and DTASs (at 5%) take the opposite direction. We can say decisively that in communities which have been identified as good candidates for intervention to reduce deprivation, ECS and Transition are less likely, and they are over-represented at the areas which fall into the least deprived quintile.
-
-We can find divergence between transition communities and eco-congregation when we split out SIMD domains. In the lowest quartile, measuring exclusively for the income domain, ECS is more represented (11%) - roughly the same as DTAS (12%), and transition is less (6%) represented. In general (as shown on the chart in Appendix D), these trends hold when representation of our groups are measured within other non-remoteness domains of the SIMD. Our basic conclusion is that transition towns are least likely to operate within the lowest quartile of SIMD and DTASs are most likely, with ECS somewhere in the middle. Given the general disparity against the presence of places of worship, it seems fair to suggest that this might be an area for improvement, perhaps even worth developing a special programme which might target areas in SIMD quartile 1 for eco-congregation outreach. This might be considered particularly in light of the starkest underrepresentation of ECS and transition within the SIMD domain of education, skills, and training.
-
-
-```
-## Reading layer `SSSI_SCOTLAND' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/SSSI_SCOTLAND.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 15872 features and 7 fields
-## geometry type:  POLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: -296506.9 ymin: 530237.9 xmax: 467721.5 ymax: 1220310
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-```
-
-```
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "SSSI_SCOTLAND"
-## with 15872 features
-## It has 7 fields
-## Integer64 fields read as strings:  PA_CODE
-```
-
-```
-## Reading layer `WILDLAND_SCOTLAND' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/WILDLAND_SCOTLAND.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 42 features and 3 fields
-## geometry type:  MULTIPOLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: 76877.24 ymin: 578454.1 xmax: 435367.1 ymax: 1190510
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-```
-
-```
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "WILDLAND_SCOTLAND"
-## with 42 features
-## It has 3 fields
-```
-
-```
-## Reading layer `National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 199698 features and 7 fields
-## geometry type:  POLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: 65210.1 ymin: 532547.9 xmax: 461253.7 ymax: 1209179
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-```
-
-```
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017"
-## with 199698 features
-## It has 7 fields
-## Integer64 fields read as strings:  OBJECTID
-```
-
-# Proximity to "Wilderness"
-
-Chasing down a curiosity, I decided to try and calculate whether proximity to "wilderness" or "scenic nature" or just trees might have some impact on generating more mobilised communities. I realised that there would be several problems with this kind of calculation up front, first being that "nature" is a deeply problematic construct, reviled by geographers and philosophers alike. With this in mind, I identified several different ways of reckoning wilderness, starting with the highly anachronistic "Scenic Land" designation from the 1970s. Then I pursued the more carefully calculated "core wild areas" generated by SNH just a few years ago. However, even the core wile areas concept has been criticised heavily, so I also expanded out my search to include all sites of special scientific interest and then went even wider to include the Scottish Forestry Service's "Native Woodland" and finally, the most generic possible measurement, any land identified as forested at the last Forest Inventory.
-
-Proximity to these areas was the next concern, because many of these designations deliberately exclude human habitat, so it was necessary to measure the number of sites within proximity. There is a question which lies here regarding aesthetics, namely, what sort of proximity might generate an affective connection? From my own experience, I decided upon the distance represented by a short walk, i.e. a half-kilometre. However, with the more generic measurements, such as SSSI and forestation, this wouldn't do, as there are so many of these sites that a buffer of 500 meters encapsulates almost all of inhabited Scotland. So for these sites I also calculated a count within 50 metres.
-
-So what did I discover? The results were inconclusive. First, it is important to note that on the whole, Eco-Congregations tend to be more urban than place of worship taken generally at a rate of nearly 3:1 (5.4% of Eco-Congregations lie in areas currently designated as "Very Remote Rural Areas" whereas nearly 15% of places of worship lie in these areas), so what I was testing for was whether this gap was smaller when specifying these various forms of "wild" remoteness. For our narrowest measurements, there were so few sites captured as to render measurement unreliable. There are, for obvious reasons, 0 sites located within any of SNG's core wild areas. Similarly, there are very few of our activist communities located within SSSI's (only `st_within(pow_pointX_sf, sssi)` places of worship out of 4048, `st_within(transition_sf, sssi)` transition towns, (or 2%) and `st_within(dtas_sf, sssi)` community development trusts (3%)). However, expanding this out makes things a bit more interesting, within 50 metres of SSSI's in Scotland lie `st_within(ecs_sf, st_buffer(sssi, dist = 50))` Eco-Congregations (or just under 1%), which compares favourably with the `st_within(pow_pointX_sf, st_buffer(sssi, dist = 50))` places of worship (or just 1.5%) far exceeding our ratio (1:1.5 vs. 1:3). This is the same with our more anachronistic measure of "scenic areas," there are 7 eco-congregations within these areas, and 175 places of worship, making for a ratio of nearly 1:2 (2.1% vs. 4.3%). Taking our final measure, of forested areas, this is hard to calculate, as only one Eco-Congregation lies within either native or generally forested land.
-
-
---------------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------
-           **titles**              Within SSSIs   ...50m   ...500m 
-
-     **ecs_wilderness_row**             0           3        59    
-
-     **pow_wilderness_row**             7           62       610   
-
-     **dtas_wilderness_row**            7           11       49    
-
-  **transition_wilderness_row**         0           1        17    
-
- **permaculture_wilderness_row**        0           0         3    
---------------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------
-
-
-
-
-
-# Appendix A
-
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-           name              ecs_count   pow_count   dtas_count 
---------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
-           Fife                 18          243          11     
-
-      South Ayrshire             3          68           1      
-
-        Inverclyde               2          53           1      
-
-       Aberdeen City            15          96           1      
-
-         Highland               21          435          34     
-
-    West Dunbartonshire          6          52           3      
-
-           Moray                11          103          6      
-
-      Orkney Islands             4          50           10     
-
-       Aberdeenshire            19          244          15     
-
-     East Renfrewshire           8          37           2      
-
-     Clackmannanshire            3          30           1      
-
-       East Ayrshire             4          68           6      
-
-     North Lanarkshire           5          187          1      
-
-        Dundee City              3          94           1      
-
-      Argyll and Bute           18          172          24     
-
-           Angus                12          106          0      
-
-       Glasgow City             25          329          21     
-
-    East Dunbartonshire          7          43           1      
-
-     Shetland Islands            3          89           4      
-
-     Scottish Borders           11          153          9      
-
- Comhairle nan Eilean Siar       0          114          9      
-
-       Renfrewshire              6          84           5      
-
-      North Ayrshire             7          96           3      
-
-       East Lothian              8          71           2      
-
-          Falkirk                8          83           0      
-
-       West Lothian             11          70           7      
-
-     Perth and Kinross          20          162          10     
-
-   Dumfries and Galloway         7          189          15     
-
-         Stirling               13          73           10     
-
-     City of Edinburgh          48          233          7      
-
-        Midlothian               1          45           4      
-
-     South Lanarkshire          17          176          8      
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Table: Table continues below
-
- 
---------------------
- permaculture_count 
---------------------
-         1          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         1          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         1          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         3          
-
-         0          
-
-         2          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         2          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         1          
-
-         2          
-
-         0          
-
-         0          
-
-         1          
-
-         0          
---------------------
-
-# Appendix B
-
-(JK note to self: same as above, but augmented with multipliers by which categories are different from one another)
-
-# Appendix C - Data by Urban / Rural Classification
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- UR8FOLD   ecs_count   ecs_percent   pow_count   pow_percent   transition_count 
---------- ----------- ------------- ----------- ------------- ------------------
-    1         111         0.32          907         0.22              35        
-
-    2         98          0.28         1015         0.25              16        
-
-    3         30          0.087         265         0.065             7         
-
-    4          9          0.026         100         0.025             2         
-
-    5          6          0.017         87          0.021             2         
-
-    6         54          0.16          696         0.17              14        
-
-    7         16          0.047         372         0.092             7         
-
-    8         20          0.058         606         0.15              11        
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Table: Table continues below
-
- 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
- transition_percent   dtas_count   dtas_percent   permaculture_count 
--------------------- ------------ -------------- --------------------
-        0.37              35           0.15               2          
-
-        0.17              25           0.11               1          
-
-       0.074              20          0.087               1          
-
-       0.021              7            0.03               0          
-
-       0.021              1           0.0043              1          
-
-        0.15              46           0.2                2          
-
-       0.074              27           0.12               3          
-
-        0.12              69           0.3                4          
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Table: Table continues below
-
- 
-----------------------
- permaculture_percent 
-----------------------
-         0.14         
-
-        0.071         
-
-        0.071         
-
-          0           
-
-        0.071         
-
-         0.14         
-
-         0.21         
-
-         0.29         
-----------------------
-
-# Citations
-
-[^15541312]: This research was jointly funded by the AHRC/ESRC under project numnbers AH/K005456/1 and AH/P005063/1.
-[^158261118]: This is not to say that there have been no collaborations before 2000, noteworthy in this respect is the WWF who helped to found the Alliance of Religion and Conservation (ARC) in 1985.
-[^159141043]: This suggestion should be qualified - RSPB would greatly exceed ECS both in terms of the number of individual subscribers and budget. The RSPB trustee's report for 2013-2014 suggests that their member base was 1,114,938 people across Britain with a net income of £127m - the latter of which exceeds the Church of Scotland. If we adjust this based on the Scottish share of the population of the United Kingdom as of the 2011 census (8.3%) this leaves us with an income of £9.93m. The British charity commission requires charities to self-report the number of volunteers and staff, and from their most recent statistics we learn that RSPB engaged with 17,600 volunteers and employed 2,110 members of staff. Again, adjusted for population, this leaves 1,460 volunteers in Scotland and 176 staff. However, if we measure environmental groups based on the number of sites they maintain, RSPB has only 40 reserves with varying levels of local community engagement. For comparison, as of Sep 14 2015, Friends of the Earth Scotland had only 10 local groups (concentrated mostly in large urban areas). Depending on how one measures "volunteerism," it may be possible that ECS has more engaged volunteers in Scotland as well - if each ECS group had only 4 "volunteers" then this would exceed RSPB.
-[^15541313]: Kidwell, Jeremy. (2016). Eco-Congregation Scotland, 2014-2016. University of Edinburgh. http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/ds/1357.
-[^15541342]:My dataset on transition towns will be made available later in 2016. Initial data was aquired from the Transition Scotland website http://www.transitionscotland.org/transition-in-scotland on December 10, 2014. We are currently in the process of collaboratively generating a more up-to-date dataset which will reflect their collaboration with SCCAN.
-[^177171536]: For further detail on Dataset generation, see Kidwell, Forthcoming, 2018.
-[^158261232]:Data was acquired from the Development Trusts Association website, http://www.dtascot.org.uk, accessed on 20 July 2015. As above, we are currently in the process of active collaboration with volunteers from the DTAS to co-generate a new dataset.
-[^15541614]:PointX data for "Landscape Data" items is sourced from Ordnance Survey Land-Line and MasterMap(R) and the data points are augmented with additional information provided through research by PointX staff, and data aquired from unidentified "local data companie(s)" and the "118 Information" database (see: http://www.118information.co.uk). This data is under license and cannot be made available for use. It is important to note that I became aware of inaccuracies in this dataset over the course of use and subsequently generated my own dataset in collaboration with churches in Scotland. This will be made available later in 2016. I am in active conversation with OS about improving the quality of the data in PointX regarding places of worship.
-[^15826124]:Interview with Margaret Warnock, 29 Aug 2014.
-[^158261210]:From http://www.forthenvironmentlink.org, accessed 12 July 2015.
-[^1554162]:From the Transition map key, "Green pins are 'official' groups
-Blue pins are active communities who are connected to the Scottish Transition network Yellow pins show interest in this area"
-[^15571030]:This was calculated by calculating a 10m wide footprint for every postcode in Scotland, areas which are not within 10m of a postcode (as of May 2014) are counted as uninhabited.
-[^159142242]: Fiona Tweedia, *Ecumenical Audit: Questionnaire Findings* (2014). 
-[^15914204]:See note above regarding the data used from the PointX POI database. Note, for our research,we filtered out religious groups not represented within the Eco-Congregation footprint. We discuss representation by tradition and religion further below.adition and religion further below.

mapping_draft.tex

@@ -1,816 +0,0 @@
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-    \author{\href{http://jeremykidwell.info}{Jeremy H. Kidwell}}
-    \preauthor{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postauthor{\par}
-      \predate{\centering\large\emph}
-  \postdate{\par}
-    \date{2019-02-01}
-
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-\hypertarget{introduction15541312}{%
-\section[Introduction]{\texorpdfstring{Introduction\footnote{This
-  research was jointly funded by the AHRC/ESRC under project numnbers
-  AH/K005456/1 and AH/P005063/1.}}{Introduction}}\label{introduction15541312}}
-
-Until recently, environmentalism has been treated by governments and
-environmental charities as a largely secular concern. In spite of the
-well-developed tradition of ``eco-theology'' which began in earnest in
-the UK in the mid-twentieth century (and which has many precursors in
-previous centuries), third-sector groups and governments, particularly
-in Britain and Europe, have largely ignored religious groups as they
-have gone about their business crafting agendas for behaviour change,
-developing funding programmes, and developing platforms to mitigate
-ecological harm, motivate consumers and create regulation regimes. That
-this has changed is evidenced by the fact that several prominent
-non-religious environmental groups have commissioned studies and crafted
-outreach programmes to persons with a particular faith tradition or to
-``spiritual communities'' including RSPB (2013) and the Sierra Club USA
-(2008).\footnote{This is not to say that there have been no
-  collaborations before 2000, noteworthy in this respect is the WWF who
-  helped to found the Alliance of Religion and Conservation (ARC) in
-  1985.} Further, since 2008, the Scottish Government has provided a
-significant portion of funding for the ecumenical charity,
-Eco-Congregation Scotland, which works to promote literacy on
-environmental issues in religious communities in Scotland and helps to
-certify congregations under their award programme. What is not well
-known, however, even by these religious environmental groups themselves,
-is whether or how their membership might be different from other
-environmental groups. This study represents an attempt to illuminate
-this new interest with some more concrete data about religious groups in
-Scotland and how they may differ from non-religious counterparts.
-
-\hypertarget{eco-congregation-scotland-the-basics}{%
-\section{Eco-Congregation Scotland: The
-Basics}\label{eco-congregation-scotland-the-basics}}
-
-There are 344 eco-congregations in Scotland. By some measurements,
-particularly in terms of individual sites and possibly also with regards
-to volunteers, this makes Eco-Congregation Scotland one of the largest
-environmental third-sector groups in Scotland.\footnote{This suggestion
-  should be qualified - RSPB would greatly exceed ECS both in terms of
-  the number of individual subscribers and budget. The RSPB trustee's
-  report for 2013-2014 suggests that their member base was 1,114,938
-  people across Britain with a net income of £127m - the latter of which
-  exceeds the Church of Scotland. If we adjust this based on the
-  Scottish share of the population of the United Kingdom as of the 2011
-  census (8.3\%) this leaves us with an income of £9.93m. The British
-  charity commission requires charities to self-report the number of
-  volunteers and staff, and from their most recent statistics we learn
-  that RSPB engaged with 17,600 volunteers and employed 2,110 members of
-  staff. Again, adjusted for population, this leaves 1,460 volunteers in
-  Scotland and 176 staff. However, if we measure environmental groups
-  based on the number of sites they maintain, RSPB has only 40 reserves
-  with varying levels of local community engagement. For comparison, as
-  of Sep 14 2015, Friends of the Earth Scotland had only 10 local groups
-  (concentrated mostly in large urban areas). Depending on how one
-  measures ``volunteerism,'' it may be possible that ECS has more
-  engaged volunteers in Scotland as well - if each ECS group had only 4
-  ``volunteers'' then this would exceed RSPB.}
-
-In seeking to conduct GIS and statistical analysis of ECS, it is
-important to note that there some ways in which these sites are
-statistically opaque. Our research conducted through interviews at a
-sampling of sites and analysis of a variety of documents suggests that
-there is a high level of diversity both in terms of the number of those
-participating in environmental action and the types of action underway
-at specific sites. Work at a particular site can also ebb and flow over
-the course of time. Of course, as research into other forms of activism
-and secular environmental NGOs has shown, this is no different from any
-other third sector volunteer group. Variability is a regular feature of
-groups involved in activism and/or environmental concern.
-
-For the sake of this analysis, we took each Eco-Congregation Scotland
-site to represent a point of analysis as if each specific site
-represented a community group which had ``opted-in'' on environmental
-concern. On this basis, in this section, in the tradition of human
-geography, we ``map'' environmental action among religious communities
-in Scotland a variety of ways. This is the first major geographical
-analysis of this kind conducted to date in Europe. We measure the
-frequency and location of ECS sites against a variety of standard
-geo-referenced statistical data sets, seeking to provide a statistical
-and geographically based assessment of the participation of religious
-groups in relation to the following:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  Location within Scotland
-\item
-  Religious affiliation
-\item
-  Relation to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD)
-\item
-  Relation to the 8-Fold Scottish Government Urban-Rural Scale
-\item
-  Proximity to ``wilderness'' (based on several different designations)
-\end{itemize}
-
-For the sake of comparison, we also measured the geographical footprint
-of two other forms of community group in Scotland, (1) Transition Towns
-(taking into account their recent merge with Scotland Communities
-Climate Action Network) and (2) member groups of the Development Trust
-Association Scotland (``DTAS''). These two groups provide a helpful
-basis for comparison as they are not centralised and thus have a
-significant geographical dispersion across Scotland. They also provide a
-useful comparison as transition is a (mostly) non-religious
-environmental movement, and community development trusts are not
-explicitly linked to environmental conservation (though this is often
-part of their remit), so we have a non-religious point of comparison in
-Transition and a non-environmental point of comparison with DTAS
-
-\hypertarget{technical-background}{%
-\section{Technical Background}\label{technical-background}}
-
-Analysis was conducted using QGIS 2.8 and R 3.5.2, and data-sets were
-generated in CSV format.\footnote{Kidwell, Jeremy. (2016).
-  Eco-Congregation Scotland, 2014-2016. University of Edinburgh.
-  \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/ds/1357}.} To begin with, I assembled a
-data set consisting of x and y coordinates for each congregation in
-Scotland and collated this against a variety of other specific data.
-Coordinates were checked by matching UK postcodes of individual
-congregations against geo-referencing data in the Office for National
-Statistics postcode database. In certain instances a single
-``congregation'' is actually a series of sites which have joined
-together under one administrative unit. In these cases, each site was
-treated as a separate data point if worship was held at that site at
-least once a month, but all joined sites shared a single unique
-identifier. As noted above, two other datasets were generated for the
-sake of comparative analysis.\footnote{For further detail on Dataset
-  generation, see Kidwell, Forthcoming, 2018.} These included one
-similar Environmental Non-Governmental Organisation (ENGO) in Scotland
-(1) Transition Scotland (which includes Scotland Communities Climate
-Action Network);\footnote{My dataset on transition towns will be made
-  available later in 2016. Initial data was aquired from the Transition
-  Scotland website
-  \url{http://www.transitionscotland.org/transition-in-scotland} on
-  December 10, 2014. We are currently in the process of collaboratively
-  generating a more up-to-date dataset which will reflect their
-  collaboration with SCCAN.} and another community-based NGO, Scottish
-Community Development Trusts.\footnote{Data was acquired from the
-  Development Trusts Association website,
-  \url{http://www.dtascot.org.uk}, accessed on 20 July 2015. As above,
-  we are currently in the process of active collaboration with
-  volunteers from the DTAS to co-generate a new dataset.} As this report
-will detail, these three overlap in certain instances both literally and
-in terms of their aims, but each also has a separate identity and
-footprint in Scotland. Finally, in order to normalise data, we utilised
-the PointX POI dataset which maintains a complete database of Places of
-Worship in Scotland.\footnote{PointX data for ``Landscape Data'' items
-  is sourced from Ordnance Survey Land-Line and MasterMap(R) and the
-  data points are augmented with additional information provided through
-  research by PointX staff, and data aquired from unidentified ``local
-  data companie(s)'' and the ``118 Information'' database (see:
-  \url{http://www.118information.co.uk}). This data is under license and
-  cannot be made available for use. It is important to note that I
-  became aware of inaccuracies in this dataset over the course of use
-  and subsequently generated my own dataset in collaboration with
-  churches in Scotland. This will be made available later in 2016. I am
-  in active conversation with OS about improving the quality of the data
-  in PointX regarding places of worship.}
-
-\hypertarget{background-and-history-of-eco-congregation-scotland}{%
-\section{Background and History of Eco-Congregation
-Scotland}\label{background-and-history-of-eco-congregation-scotland}}
-
-Eco-Congregation Scotland began a year before the official launch of
-Eco-Congregation England and Wales, in 1999, as part of an effort by
-Kippen Environment Centre (later renamed to Forth Environment Link, or
-``FEL'') a charity devoted to environmental education in central
-Scotland\footnote{From \url{http://www.forthenvironmentlink.org},
-  accessed 12 July 2015.} to broaden the scope of its environmental
-outreach to churches in central Scotland.\footnote{Interview with
-  Margaret Warnock, 29 Aug 2014.} Initial funding was provided, through
-Kippen Environment Centre by way of a ``sustainable action grant'' (with
-funds drawn from a government landfill tax) through a government
-programme called Keep Scotland Beautiful (the Scottish cousin of Keep
-Britain Tidy). After this initial pilot project concluded, the Church of
-Scotland provided additional funding for the project in the form of
-staff time and office space. Additional funding a few years later from
-the Scottish Government helped subsidise the position of a business
-manager, and in 2011 the United Reformed Church contributed additional
-funding which subsidised the position of a full-time environmental
-chaplain for a 5-year term, bringing the total staff to five.
-
-The programme launched officially in 2001 at Dunblane Cathedral in
-Stirling and by 2005 the project had 89 congregations registered to be a
-part of the programme and 25 which had completed the curriculum
-successfully and received an Eco-Congregation award. By 2011, the number
-of registrations had tripled to 269 and the number of awarded
-congregations had quadrupled to
-\texttt{sum(ecs\$award1\ \textless{}\ "01/01/2012",\ na.rm=TRUE)}. This
-process of taking registrations and using a tiered award or recognition
-scheme is common to many voluntary organisations. The ECS curriculum was
-developed in part by consulting the Eco-Congregation England and Wales
-materials which had been released just a year earlier in 1999, though it
-has been subsequently revised, particularly with a major redesign in
-2010. In the USA, a number of similar groups take a similar approach
-including Earth Ministry (earthministry.org) and Green Faith
-(greenfaith.org).
-
-In the case of Eco-Congregation Scotland, congregations are invited to
-begin by ``registering'' their interest in the programme by completing a
-basic one-sided form. The next step requires the completion of an award
-application, which includes a facilitated curriculum called a ``church
-check-up'' and after an application is submitted, the site is visited
-and assessed by third-party volunteer assessors. Sites are invited to
-complete additional applications for further awards which are
-incremental (as is the application process). Transition communities, at
-least in the period reflected on their map, go through a similar process
-(though this does not involve the use of a supplied curriculum) by which
-they are marked first as ``interested,'' become ``active'' and then gain
-``official'' status.\footnote{From the Transition map key, ``Green pins
-  are `official' groups Blue pins are active communities who are
-  connected to the Scottish Transition network Yellow pins show interest
-  in this area''}
-
-\hypertarget{representation-by-regional-authorities-council-areas}{%
-\section{Representation by Regional Authorities (Council
-Areas)}\label{representation-by-regional-authorities-council-areas}}
-
-Perhaps the first important question to ask of these groups is, where
-are they? I calculated the spread of eco-congregations and transition
-groups across each of the 32 council areas in Scotland. Every council
-area in Scotland has at least one eco-congregation or transition group).
-The most are located in , with 48, whereas the mean among all the 32
-council areas is 10.75, with a median of 8, standard deviation of
-9.4698162, and interquartile range of 11.5. The following choropleth
-maps show the relative concentration of eco-congregations (indicated by
-yellow to red).
-
-(\emph{TODO: need to implement}) Though there are too few
-eco-congregations and transition groups for a numerically significant
-representation in any of the intermediate geographies, mapping the
-concentration of sites by agricultural parishes allows for a more
-granular visual and I include this for comparison sake. Note, for the
-sake of a more accurate visual communication, we have also marked out
-areas of Scotland that are uninhabited with hash marks on the map of
-agricultural parishes. (\emph{TODO: this will be done in the final
-draft, once I get my image masking fixed!}).\footnote{This was
-  calculated by calculating a 10m wide footprint for every postcode in
-  Scotland, areas which are not within 10m of a postcode (as of May
-  2014) are counted as uninhabited.}
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics{figures/plot_admin_ecs_choropleth-1.pdf}
-\caption{Figure 1}
-\end{figure}
-
-\includegraphics{figures/plot_admin_ecs_normed_choropleth-1.pdf}
-\includegraphics{figures/plot_admin_ecs_normed_choropleth-2.pdf}
-
-Given the way population and places of worship are unevenly distributed
-across Scotland it is important to represent data in terms of relative
-distribution. For this study, we attempted to ``normalise'' our data in
-two different ways, (1) as shown by Figure 2 above, by taking population
-figures from the 2011 census (see data sheet in Appendix A) and (2) by
-adjusting relative to the number of places of worship in each council
-region.\footnote{See note above regarding the data used from the PointX
-  POI database. Note, for our research,we filtered out religious groups
-  not represented within the Eco-Congregation footprint. We discuss
-  representation by tradition and religion further below.adition and
-  religion further below.} The latter of these two can yield
-particularly unexpected results. Thus, of the 4048 ``places of worship''
-in Scotland, the highest concentration is actually the region, with 435,
-second is 329 (). Rank of Council Areas by population and number of
-places of worship is also included in Appendix A.
-
-We can use this data to normalise our figures regarding Eco-Congregation
-Scotland communities and this draws the presence in Edinburgh of ECS
-communities into even sharper relief, as Edinburgh, though ranked second
-in terms of population and fifth in terms of places of worship, ranks
-first for the presence of all ECS congregations and awarded ECS
-congregations. However, taking population as the basis for normalisation
-first, we find that Edinburgh is far from the most prominent outlier. In
-trying to communicate this difference for a lay-audience, we have chosen
-to list this difference as a multiplier (i.e.~there are 2.x times as
-many congregations as their share of population and an average figure of
-congregations might allow for) as this conveys the difference in a
-straight-forward way. Outliers where the disparity between their
-relative share of the total ECS footprint and their relative share of
-population is different by a positive ratio of more than double include
-the Orkney Islands (3.7 times more eco-congregations than their expected
-average share based on population), Argyll and Bute
-(\texttt{admin\_lev1{[}CODE=S12000023{]}\$ecs\_pop\_factor} 4.2x),
-Stirling (2.76x), and Perthshire and Kinross (2.18x). Interestingly,
-there are no outliers whose relative share of the total footprint of ECS
-is double or more in the negative direction (see Appendix A chart for
-full numbers).
-
-Turning to the total of 4048 ``places of worship'' in Scotland, we find
-a slightly different picture of the relative concentration of
-Eco-Congregations in Scotland. In this case, the outliers are
-
-Whereas our initial measurements indicated a prominent lead for
-Edinburgh, by normalising our data in this way we can highlight the
-stronger-than-expected presence of several others that might otherwise
-escape notice because they lie in a region with significantly lower
-population or numerically less places of worship. Taking the PointX data
-on ``places of worship'' in Scotland, we find a less dramatic picture,
-but also a slightly different one. The positive outliers include East
-Renfrewshire (3.4x) Edinburgh (2.9x), Stirling (2.2), West Lothian
-(1.9x) and Aberdeen (1.5x). Again, negative outliers are far less
-dramatic, with only Midlothian possessing a ratio of more than 100\%
-negative difference from the number of ``places of worship'' at 1.5x
-\emph{fewer}.
-
-\includegraphics{figures/create_admin_barplot-1.pdf}
-
-\includegraphics{figures/create_choropleth_others-1.pdf}
-\includegraphics{figures/create_choropleth_others-2.pdf}
-\includegraphics{figures/create_choropleth_others-3.pdf}
-
-We can compare the representation in these various regions against our
-comparison groups to see how other community-based organisations cluster
-in Scottish administrative districts. Here there are some significant
-contrasts. Scottish Community Development trusts are most intensely
-concentrated in the Highlands and Argyll \& Bute. But, this is
-consistent with all the other categories, Eco-Congregations, Places of
-Worship, and dtas are all over-represented in this area, varying only by
-the degree. Edinburgh is different, here we find that Eco-Congregations
-and Transition projects are over-represented, while dtass are
-under-represented. Finally, the highlands are another strong contrast,
-here we find a very strong over-representation by transition towns and
-dtass while the representation of Eco-Congregations is relatively close
-to the population share for that area. The two areas of greatest
-contrast for Eco-Congregations from the other groups are unsurprising,
-Edinburgh is the location of the ECS offices, while Stirling is the area
-in which ECS first began (see Appendix B for full data).
-
-\hypertarget{christian-denominations}{%
-\section{Christian Denominations}\label{christian-denominations}}
-
-Eco-Congregation Scotland describes itself as an ``ecumenical movement
-helping local groups of Christians link environmental issues to their
-faith, reduce their environmental impact and engage with their local
-community.'' There are several ties to the Church of Scotland, as the
-denomination provides office space to Eco-Congregation Scotland in the
-Church of Scotland complex at 121 George Street in Edinburgh and
-provides funding for one full-time member of staff. In spite of this,
-ECS has, from the start, attempted to emphasise its ecumenical
-aspirations and this is reflected in a wide variety of ways. The name
-``eco-congregation'' is meant to be tradition neutral (in interviews,
-staff noted how they have sought to avoid names such as ``eco-kirk''
-which would be the more obvious Presbyterian title, or ``eco-community''
-or ``eco-church'' which might indicate allegiance towards another).
-Further, the group has a environmental chaplain on their staff whose
-position is funded by the United Reformed Church, and other members of
-staff are funded by the Scottish government, and as such, carry no
-formal affiliation with a religious institution. This diversity and
-ecumenicism is reflected in a membership which is, though dominated by
-the Church of Scotland, nevertheless, made up of a range of Christian
-traditions.
-
-Though these are not numerically significant, it is important to note
-that some member congregations describe themselves as ecumenical
-communities, and others are hybrids reflecting the merging of two
-traditions. As this ecumenical/hybrid designation involves a small
-number of the overall total, for the sake of this research, these have
-been combined into a category called ``ecumenical.'' Further, as
-research conducted by Church of Scotland statistician Fiona Tweedie has
-shown, in many Scottish communities with only one church, members of
-this church will specify their denominational affiliation in a variety
-of ways (Roman Catholic, Quaker, Methodist, etc.) even though the church
-and its minister are formally affiliated with the Church of
-Scotland.\footnote{Fiona Tweedia, \emph{Ecumenical Audit: Questionnaire
-  Findings} (2014).} So, we should be careful not to assume that the
-various denominational affiliations of eco-congregations are indicative
-in an absolute way.
-
-A wide variety of historians and sociologists of religion have noted the
-regional significance of different Christian denominations in Scotland
-so we sought to assess the relative distribution and concentration of
-eco-congregations by denomination. Finding comparative statistics is a
-complex task, made more complicated by several factors. First, most
-demographic data on religious belonging in Scotland comes in the form of
-the 2011 census and as such is far more atomised than this data-set
-which identifies groups at the level of ``congregations'' rather than
-individuals. Equating these two is also complex, as participation by
-members of congregations can be measured in a variety of ways, there are
-often a small number of active participants in each eco-congregation
-group, but may also be a large scale, but passive, support by the wider
-community.
-
-So why provide this kind of data (i.e.~at the level of individual
-churches) when more granular data (i.e.~at the level of individuals
-persons) is available in the form of the census and related parallel
-publications such as the 2008 Scottish Environmental Attitudes survey?
-We believe that mapping places of worship provides a useful intermediate
-level of analysis and may complement our more atomised understanding of
-EA which has been assessed at the level of individual persons to date.
-Because representation within some administrative areas of Scotland, can
-lead to a small number of data points, we have kept analysis to a
-National level and have not provided more specific administrative-area
-level calculations.
-
-\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lr@{}}
-\caption{ECS by denomination}\tabularnewline
-\toprule
-& x\tabularnewline
-\midrule
-\endfirsthead
-\toprule
-& x\tabularnewline
-\midrule
-\endhead
-Baptist & 4\tabularnewline
-C of S & 254\tabularnewline
-C of S / URC & 3\tabularnewline
-Cong & 1\tabularnewline
-Ecu & 5\tabularnewline
-FCS & 1\tabularnewline
-Independent & 2\tabularnewline
-Meth & 4\tabularnewline
-Non. & 1\tabularnewline
-Quaker & 1\tabularnewline
-RC & 15\tabularnewline
-SEC & 41\tabularnewline
-Unitarian & 1\tabularnewline
-URC & 11\tabularnewline
-\bottomrule
-\end{longtable}
-
-As one might expect, there is a strong representation of the Church of
-Scotland, almost 74\% of eco-congregations, with this number remaining
-the same when we only count awarded sites. We can confirm, on the basis
-of this analysis that ECS has a disproportional representation by Church
-of Scotland churches. At the 2002 church census count, it only
-represented 40.20\% of Scottish churches (1666 of 4144 total churches).
-Similarly, on the 2011 Scottish census, only 32.44\% of persons claimed
-to be members of the Church of Scotland. We can adjust this
-representation to 60\%, if one excludes the 2,445,204 persons (46\% of
-the total on the census) who reported either ``no religion'' or
-adherence to a religious tradition not currently represented among the
-eco-congregation sites. There is a slight over-representation by the
-United Reformed church, though this seems considerably more dramatic
-when one takes into account the fact that this is a trebling or more of
-their overall share of Scottish churches. The URC makes up only sightly
-more than 1\% of church buildings in Scotland and a tiny 0.04\% of
-respondents to the 2011 census. The Scottish Episcopal church hovers
-right around a proportional representation within ECS. More concerning
-are the significant underrepresentation by Roman Catholic churches,
-Baptists, the Free Church of Scotland, and other independent churches.
-
-While Roman Catholic churches make up just over 10\% of the church
-buildings in Scotland, less than 5\% of churches registered as
-eco-congregations are RC. Even more dramatic is the quartering of
-baptist churches, and the non-existent representation among the
-significant group of independent churches and small denominations. These
-make up nearly 25\% of all Scottish churches (over a thousand) and yet
-only 4 have registered as eco-congregations. We provide several
-tentative advisories in response to these under-representations in the
-final section of this paper.
-
-\hypertarget{eco-congregations-urban-rural-and-remote}{%
-\section{Eco-Congregations, Urban, Rural and
-Remote}\label{eco-congregations-urban-rural-and-remote}}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "SG_UrbanRural_2016"
-## with 8 features
-## It has 6 fields
-\end{verbatim}
-
-Rather than bifurcate congregations into an urban/rural dichotomy, for
-this study we used the Scottish Government's six-point remoteness scale
-to categorise eco-congregations along a spectrum of highly populated to
-remote areas. This 8-fold scale (calculated biennially) offers a more
-nuanced measurement that combines measurements of remoteness and
-population along the following lines:
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.}
-\tightlist
-\item
-  Large Urban Areas - Settlements of over 125,000 people.
-\item
-  Other Urban Areas - Settlements of 10,000 to 125,000 people.
-\item
-  Accessible Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000
-  people, and within a 30 minute drive time of a Settlement of 10,000 or
-  more.
-\item
-  Remote Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000 people,
-  and with a drive time between 30 and 60 minutes to a Settlement of
-  10,000 or more.
-\item
-  Very Remote Small Towns - Settlements of between 3,000 and 10,000
-  people, and with a drive time of over 60 minutes to a Settlement of
-  10,000 or more.
-\item
-  Accessible Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000
-  people, and within a drive time of 30 minutes to a Settlement of
-  10,000 or more.
-\item
-  Remote Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000
-  people, and with a drive time of between 30 and 60 minutes to a
-  Settlement of 10,000 or more.
-\item
-  Very Remote Rural Areas - Areas with a population of less than 3,000
-  people, and with a drive time of over 60 minutes to a Settlement of
-  10,000 or more.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-The key question which this analysis seeks to answer is whether ECS, or
-the other groups surveyed, are more concentrated in Urban or Rural
-areas, so as is the case below with our analysis of deprivation, we are
-concerned with the outer conditions, i.e.~the urban areas (items 1-2)
-and remote areas (items 7-8).
-
-Of all the groups surveyed in this study, Eco-Congregation Scotland is
-the most heavily concentrated in large urban areas (33.53\%), exceeding
-by almost 50\% the rate for all places of worship (22.96\% in large
-urban areas). Transition is a much more modest 20\% and development
-trusts a bit lower at 15\%. It is interesting to note that the rate of
-ECS concentration in these large urban areas matches the level of
-overall population distribution (34.5\%). On the other end of the scale,
-Eco-Congregation Scotland is the least concentrated in remote rural
-areas (with 3.93\% on level 7 and 5.44\% on level 8 on the urban-rural
-scale), though again, they correlate roughly to the general population
-distribution (3.2\% and 2.9\% respectively). Places of worship outpace
-both the population of Scotland and the footprint of Eco-Congregation
-Scotland, with 14.98\% in very remote rural areas, but this is exceeded
-by transition at 16.47\% and both by Scottish community development
-trusts at 32.14\%. So while Eco-Congregation Scotland correlates roughly
-with Scottish population distribution across the urban-rural scale, it
-has a considerably more urban profile than either of the other two
-groups surveyed.
-
-\includegraphics{figures/create_ur_barplot-1.pdf}
-
-\begin{figure}
-\centering
-\includegraphics{figures/create_urbanrural_ecs_chart_choropleth-1.pdf}
-\caption{Figure 9}
-\end{figure}
-
-\hypertarget{wealth-employment-and-literacy}{%
-\section{Wealth, Employment, and
-Literacy}\label{wealth-employment-and-literacy}}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## OGR data source with driver: ESRI Shapefile 
-## Source: "/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data", layer: "sc_dz_11"
-## with 6976 features
-## It has 9 fields
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\includegraphics{figures/create_simd_barplot-1.pdf}
-
-Another crucial point of assessment relates to the relation of
-Eco-Congregation communities to the Scottish Index of Multiple
-Deprivation. This instrument aggregates a large variety of factors which
-can lead to deprivation including crime rates, employment levels, access
-to services (implicating remoteness), and literacy. By assessing ECS,
-Transition, and dtas against the deprivation scale, we can assess
-whether eco-congregations fall within particular demographics and also
-whether the fully aggregated SIMD measurement provides a useful point of
-comparison for our purposes. The SIMD essentially divides Scotland into
-6407 geographic zones and then ranks them based on their relative
-deprivation. This data set can be split into any number of groups, but
-for our purposes we have settled on Quintiles, splitting the SIMD data
-set at every 1302 entries. We then measured where each transition group,
-ECS, and dtas fell within these zones and calculated how they fell into
-these five quintiles, from more to least deprived.
-
-The first, and most compelling finding is that, in general
-Eco-Congregation Scotland and Transition Scotland are both roughly the
-same and match the level of population distribution in the lowest
-quintile of the general SIMD measurement. 8\% of transition groups and
-eco-congregation groups which have received awards and 9\% of the
-population are located within this quintile. However, taken in relation
-to the distribution of places of worship in the lowest quintile, we find
-that eco-congregations are located at half the rate that places of
-worship are (15\%) and dtass match this much more closely at 14\%.
-Turning towards the top quintile, this pattern also holds, here both
-transition groups (21\%) and eco-congregations (21\% and 29\% of awarded
-congregations) depart from the population distribution in this upper
-quintile (which is 10\%). Again, general places of worship (at 11\%) and
-DTASs (at 5\%) take the opposite direction. We can say decisively that
-in communities which have been identified as good candidates for
-intervention to reduce deprivation, ECS and Transition are less likely,
-and they are over-represented at the areas which fall into the least
-deprived quintile.
-
-We can find divergence between transition communities and
-eco-congregation when we split out SIMD domains. In the lowest quartile,
-measuring exclusively for the income domain, ECS is more represented
-(11\%) - roughly the same as DTAS (12\%), and transition is less (6\%)
-represented. In general (as shown on the chart in Appendix D), these
-trends hold when representation of our groups are measured within other
-non-remoteness domains of the SIMD. Our basic conclusion is that
-transition towns are least likely to operate within the lowest quartile
-of SIMD and DTASs are most likely, with ECS somewhere in the middle.
-Given the general disparity against the presence of places of worship,
-it seems fair to suggest that this might be an area for improvement,
-perhaps even worth developing a special programme which might target
-areas in SIMD quartile 1 for eco-congregation outreach. This might be
-considered particularly in light of the starkest underrepresentation of
-ECS and transition within the SIMD domain of education, skills, and
-training.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## Reading layer `SSSI_SCOTLAND' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/SSSI_SCOTLAND.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 15872 features and 7 fields
-## geometry type:  POLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: -296506.9 ymin: 530237.9 xmax: 467721.5 ymax: 1220310
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## Reading layer `WILDLAND_SCOTLAND' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/WILDLAND_SCOTLAND.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 42 features and 3 fields
-## geometry type:  MULTIPOLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: 76877.24 ymin: 578454.1 xmax: 435367.1 ymax: 1190510
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## Reading layer `National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017' from data source `/Users/jeremy/gits/mapping_environmental_action/data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
-## Simple feature collection with 199698 features and 7 fields
-## geometry type:  POLYGON
-## dimension:      XY
-## bbox:           xmin: 65210.1 ymin: 532547.9 xmax: 461253.7 ymax: 1209179
-## epsg (SRID):    NA
-## proj4string:    +proj=tmerc +lat_0=49 +lon_0=-2 +k=0.9996012717 +x_0=400000 +y_0=-100000 +datum=OSGB36 +units=m +no_defs
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\hypertarget{proximity-to-wilderness}{%
-\section{Proximity to ``Wilderness''}\label{proximity-to-wilderness}}
-
-Chasing down a curiosity, I decided to try and calculate whether
-proximity to ``wilderness'' or ``scenic nature'' or just trees might
-have some impact on generating more mobilised communities. I realised
-that there would be several problems with this kind of calculation up
-front, first being that ``nature'' is a deeply problematic construct,
-reviled by geographers and philosophers alike. With this in mind, I
-identified several different ways of reckoning wilderness, starting with
-the highly anachronistic ``Scenic Land'' designation from the 1970s.
-Then I pursued the more carefully calculated ``core wild areas''
-generated by SNH just a few years ago. However, even the core wile areas
-concept has been criticised heavily, so I also expanded out my search to
-include all sites of special scientific interest and then went even
-wider to include the Scottish Forestry Service's ``Native Woodland'' and
-finally, the most generic possible measurement, any land identified as
-forested at the last Forest Inventory.
-
-Proximity to these areas was the next concern, because many of these
-designations deliberately exclude human habitat, so it was necessary to
-measure the number of sites within proximity. There is a question which
-lies here regarding aesthetics, namely, what sort of proximity might
-generate an affective connection? From my own experience, I decided upon
-the distance represented by a short walk, i.e.~a half-kilometre.
-However, with the more generic measurements, such as SSSI and
-forestation, this wouldn't do, as there are so many of these sites that
-a buffer of 500 meters encapsulates almost all of inhabited Scotland. So
-for these sites I also calculated a count within 50 metres.
-
-So what did I discover? The results were inconclusive. First, it is
-important to note that on the whole, Eco-Congregations tend to be more
-urban than place of worship taken generally at a rate of nearly 3:1
-(5.4\% of Eco-Congregations lie in areas currently designated as ``Very
-Remote Rural Areas'' whereas nearly 15\% of places of worship lie in
-these areas), so what I was testing for was whether this gap was smaller
-when specifying these various forms of ``wild'' remoteness. For our
-narrowest measurements, there were so few sites captured as to render
-measurement unreliable. There are, for obvious reasons, 0 sites located
-within any of SNG's core wild areas. Similarly, there are very few of
-our activist communities located within SSSI's (only
-\texttt{st\_within(pow\_pointX\_sf,\ sssi)} places of worship out of
-over 4k, 2 transition towns, (or 2\%) and 7 community development trusts
-(3\%)). However, expanding this out makes things a bit more interesting,
-within 50 metres of SSSI's in Scotland lie
-\texttt{st\_within(ecs\_sf,\ st\_buffer(sssi,\ dist\ =\ 50))}
-Eco-Congregations (or just under 1\%), which compares favourably with
-the
-\texttt{st\_within(pow\_pointX\_sf,\ st\_buffer(sssi,\ dist\ =\ 50))}
-places of worship (or just 1.5\%) far exceeding our ratio (1:1.5
-vs.~1:3). This is the same with our more anachronistic measure of
-``scenic areas,'' there are 7 eco-congregations within these areas, and
-175 places of worship, making for a ratio of nearly 1:2 (2.1\%
-vs.~4.3\%). Taking our final measure, of forested areas, this is hard to
-calculate, as only one Eco-Congregation lies within either native or
-generally forested land.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1]  0  3 59
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-## [1]   7  62 610
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\includegraphics{figures/wilderness_plots-1.pdf}
-\includegraphics{figures/wilderness_plots-2.pdf}
-
-\hypertarget{appendix-a}{%
-\section{Appendix A}\label{appendix-a}}
-
-\hypertarget{appendix-b}{%
-\section{Appendix B}\label{appendix-b}}
-
-(JK note to self: same as above, but augmented with multipliers by which
-categories are different from one another)
-
-\hypertarget{appendix-c---data-by-urban-rural-classification}{%
-\section{Appendix C - Data by Urban / Rural
-Classification}\label{appendix-c---data-by-urban-rural-classification}}
-
-\renewcommand\refname{Citations}
-\bibliography{biblio.bib}
-
-
-\end{document}

renv/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+library/
+python/
+staging/

renv/activate.R

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+
+local({
+
+  # the requested version of renv
+  version <- "0.9.3"
+
+  # avoid recursion
+  if (!is.na(Sys.getenv("RENV_R_INITIALIZING", unset = NA)))
+    return(invisible(TRUE))
+
+  # signal that we're loading renv during R startup
+  Sys.setenv("RENV_R_INITIALIZING" = "true")
+  on.exit(Sys.unsetenv("RENV_R_INITIALIZING"), add = TRUE)
+
+  # signal that we've consented to use renv
+  options(renv.consent = TRUE)
+
+  # load the 'utils' package eagerly -- this ensures that renv shims, which
+  # mask 'utils' packages, will come first on the search path
+  library(utils, lib.loc = .Library)
+
+  # check to see if renv has already been loaded
+  if ("renv" %in% loadedNamespaces()) {
+
+    # if renv has already been loaded, and it's the requested version of renv,
+    # nothing to do
+    spec <- .getNamespaceInfo(.getNamespace("renv"), "spec")
+    if (identical(spec[["version"]], version))
+      return(invisible(TRUE))
+
+    # otherwise, unload and attempt to load the correct version of renv
+    unloadNamespace("renv")
+
+  }
+
+  # construct path to renv in library
+  libpath <- local({
+
+    root <- Sys.getenv("RENV_PATHS_LIBRARY", unset = "renv/library")
+    prefix <- paste("R", getRversion()[1, 1:2], sep = "-")
+
+    # include SVN revision for development versions of R
+    # (to avoid sharing platform-specific artefacts with released versions of R)
+    devel <-
+      identical(R.version[["status"]],   "Under development (unstable)") ||
+      identical(R.version[["nickname"]], "Unsuffered Consequences")
+
+    if (devel)
+      prefix <- paste(prefix, R.version[["svn rev"]], sep = "-r")
+
+    file.path(root, prefix, R.version$platform)
+
+  })
+
+  # try to load renv from the project library
+  if (requireNamespace("renv", lib.loc = libpath, quietly = TRUE)) {
+
+    # warn if the version of renv loaded does not match
+    loadedversion <- utils::packageDescription("renv", fields = "Version")
+    if (version != loadedversion) {
+
+      # assume four-component versions are from GitHub; three-component
+      # versions are from CRAN
+      components <- strsplit(loadedversion, "[.-]")[[1]]
+      remote <- if (length(components) == 4L)
+        paste("rstudio/renv", loadedversion, sep = "@")
+      else
+        paste("renv", loadedversion, sep = "@")
+
+      fmt <- paste(
+        "renv %1$s was loaded from project library, but renv %2$s is recorded in lockfile.",
+        "Use `renv::record(\"%3$s\")` to record this version in the lockfile.",
+        "Use `renv::restore(packages = \"renv\")` to install renv %2$s into the project library.",
+        sep = "\n"
+      )
+
+      msg <- sprintf(fmt, loadedversion, version, remote)
+      warning(msg, call. = FALSE)
+
+    }
+
+    # load the project
+    return(renv::load())
+
+  }
+
+  # failed to find renv locally; we'll try to install from GitHub.
+  # first, set up download options as appropriate (try to use GITHUB_PAT)
+  install_renv <- function() {
+
+    message("Failed to find installation of renv -- attempting to bootstrap...")
+
+    # ensure .Rprofile doesn't get executed
+    rpu <- Sys.getenv("R_PROFILE_USER", unset = NA)
+    Sys.setenv(R_PROFILE_USER = "<NA>")
+    on.exit({
+      if (is.na(rpu))
+        Sys.unsetenv("R_PROFILE_USER")
+      else
+        Sys.setenv(R_PROFILE_USER = rpu)
+    }, add = TRUE)
+
+    # prepare download options
+    pat <- Sys.getenv("GITHUB_PAT")
+    if (nzchar(Sys.which("curl")) && nzchar(pat)) {
+      fmt <- "--location --fail --header \"Authorization: token %s\""
+      extra <- sprintf(fmt, pat)
+      saved <- options("download.file.method", "download.file.extra")
+      options(download.file.method = "curl", download.file.extra = extra)
+      on.exit(do.call(base::options, saved), add = TRUE)
+    } else if (nzchar(Sys.which("wget")) && nzchar(pat)) {
+      fmt <- "--header=\"Authorization: token %s\""
+      extra <- sprintf(fmt, pat)
+      saved <- options("download.file.method", "download.file.extra")
+      options(download.file.method = "wget", download.file.extra = extra)
+      on.exit(do.call(base::options, saved), add = TRUE)
+    }
+
+    # fix up repos
+    repos <- getOption("repos")
+    on.exit(options(repos = repos), add = TRUE)
+    repos[repos == "@CRAN@"] <- "https://cloud.r-project.org"
+    options(repos = repos)
+
+    # check for renv on CRAN matching this version
+    db <- as.data.frame(available.packages(), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
+    if ("renv" %in% rownames(db)) {
+      entry <- db["renv", ]
+      if (identical(entry$Version, version)) {
+        message("* Installing renv ", version, " ... ", appendLF = FALSE)
+        dir.create(libpath, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
+        utils::install.packages("renv", lib = libpath, quiet = TRUE)
+        message("Done!")
+        return(TRUE)
+      }
+    }
+
+    # try to download renv
+    message("* Downloading renv ", version, " ... ", appendLF = FALSE)
+    prefix <- "https://api.github.com"
+    url <- file.path(prefix, "repos/rstudio/renv/tarball", version)
+    destfile <- tempfile("renv-", fileext = ".tar.gz")
+    on.exit(unlink(destfile), add = TRUE)
+    utils::download.file(url, destfile = destfile, mode = "wb", quiet = TRUE)
+    message("Done!")
+
+    # attempt to install it into project library
+    message("* Installing renv ", version, " ... ", appendLF = FALSE)
+    dir.create(libpath, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
+
+    # invoke using system2 so we can capture and report output
+    bin <- R.home("bin")
+    exe <- if (Sys.info()[["sysname"]] == "Windows") "R.exe" else "R"
+    r <- file.path(bin, exe)
+    args <- c("--vanilla", "CMD", "INSTALL", "-l", shQuote(libpath), shQuote(destfile))
+    output <- system2(r, args, stdout = TRUE, stderr = TRUE)
+    message("Done!")
+
+    # check for successful install
+    status <- attr(output, "status")
+    if (is.numeric(status) && !identical(status, 0L)) {
+      text <- c("Error installing renv", "=====================", output)
+      writeLines(text, con = stderr())
+    }
+
+
+  }
+
+  try(install_renv())
+
+  # try again to load
+  if (requireNamespace("renv", lib.loc = libpath, quietly = TRUE)) {
+    message("Successfully installed and loaded renv ", version, ".")
+    return(renv::load())
+  }
+
+  # failed to download or load renv; warn the user
+  msg <- c(
+    "Failed to find an renv installation: the project will not be loaded.",
+    "Use `renv::activate()` to re-initialize the project."
+  )
+
+  warning(paste(msg, collapse = "\n"), call. = FALSE)
+
+})

renv/settings.dcf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+external.libraries:
+ignored.packages:
+package.dependency.fields: Imports, Depends, LinkingTo
+snapshot.type: packrat
+use.cache: TRUE
+vcs.ignore.library: TRUE

sbatch.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#SBATCH --mail-type ALL
+#SBATCH --cpus-per-task 1
+#SBATCH --time 180:0
+#SBATCH --ntasks 20
+#SBATCH --qos bbdefault
+
+module purge; module load bluebear
+module load R/3.5.0-iomkl-2018a-X11-20180131
+module load Pandoc/2.3.1
+module load plotly/4.7.1-iomkl-2018a-R-3.5.0
+module load rgeos/0.3-28-iomkl-2018a-R-3.5.0
+module load tmap/2.2-iomkl-2018a-R-3.5.0
+
+Rscript -e 'library(rmarkdown); rmarkdown::render("mapping_draft-hpc_optimised.Rmd", "html_document")'
+cp mapping_draft.html /rds/projects/2016/kidwellj-01/mapping_environmental_action/
+cp figures/* /rds/projects/2016/kidwellj-01/mapping_environmental_action/figures
+cp derivedData/* /rds/projects/2016/kidwellj-01/mapping_environmental_action/derivedData

testing_sf_plot_times.R

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-require(RCurl) # used for fetching reproducible datasets
-require(sf) # new simplefeature data class, supercedes sp in many ways
-# using GEOS 3.6.1, GDAL 2.1.3, PROJ 4.9.3
-require(sp) # needed for proj4string, deprecated by sf()
-require(rgdal) # version version: 1.3-6
-
-
-
-if (file.exists("data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.shp") == FALSE) {
-  download.file("https://opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/3cb1abc185a247a48b9d53e4c4a8be87_0.zip?outSR=%7B%22wkid%22%3A27700%2C%22latestWkid%22%3A27700%7D", 
-                destfile = "data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.zip")
-  unzip("data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.zip", exdir = "data")
-}
-
-forest_inventory <- st_read("data/National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017.shp")
-forest_inventory_sp <- readOGR("./data", "National_Forest_Inventory_Woodland_Scotland_2017") 
-
-system.time(
-ggplot() +
-  geom_sf(data = forest_inventory)
-  )
-
-system.time(
-ggplot() +
-  geom_polygon(data = forest_inventory_sp)
-  )

wilderness_plots.R

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-# Plot SSSI polygons with ECS points (using sp, for now)
-
-ggplot() + 
-  geom_polygon(aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group), 
-               data = sssi_sp, 
-               colour = 'black', 
-               alpha = .7, 
-               size = .005) + 
-  geom_point(aes(X, Y, fill = NULL, group = NULL), size = 1, data=ecs_df, 
-             colour = "black", 
-             fill = "white",
-             size = .15,
-             stroke = .002,
-             alpha = .6, 
-             show.legend = TRUE) +
-  labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, fill = "Groups",
-       title = "Figure 11", 
-       subtitle="Sites of Special Scientific Interest with points marked",
-       caption = paste("Jeremy H. Kidwell :: jeremykidwell.info",
-                       "Data: UK Data Service (OGL) & Jeremy H. Kidwell",
-                       "You may redistribute this graphic under the terms of the CC-by-SA 4.0 license.",
-                       sep = "\n"))
-
-# # ggplot using sf seems to be severely broken for now. Commenting out and reverting to sp
-# if (utils::packageVersion("ggplot2") > "2.2.1")
-#   ggplot() + geom_sf(data = sssi) +
-#   geom_point(aes(X, Y, fill = NULL, group = NULL), size = 1, data=ecs_df, 
-#              colour = "black", 
-#              fill = "white",
-#              size = .3,
-#              stroke = .1,
-#              show.legend = FALSE) +
-#   labs(x = NULL, 
-#        title = "Figure 11", 
-#        subtitle="Sites of Special Scientific Interest with points marked",
-#        caption = paste("Jeremy H. Kidwell :: jeremykidwell.info",
-#                        "Data: UK Data Service (OGL) & Jeremy H. Kidwell",
-#                        "You may redistribute this graphic under the terms of the CC-by-SA 4.0 license.",
-#                        sep = "\n"))
-
-# Plot Forest Inventory
-
-ggplot() + 
-  geom_polygon(aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group), 
-               data = forest_inventory_sp, 
-               colour = 'black', 
-               alpha = .7, 
-               size = .005) + 
-  geom_point(aes(X, Y, fill = NULL, group = NULL), size = 1, data=ecs_df, 
-             colour = "black", 
-             fill = "white",
-             size = .15,
-             stroke = .002,
-             alpha = .6, 
-             show.legend = TRUE) +
-  labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, fill = "Groups",
-       title = "Figure 11", 
-       subtitle="Sites of Special Scientific Interest with points marked",
-       caption = paste("Jeremy H. Kidwell :: jeremykidwell.info",
-                       "Data: UK Data Service (OGL) & Jeremy H. Kidwell",
-                       "You may redistribute this graphic under the terms of the CC-by-SA 4.0 license.",
-                       sep = "\n"))
-
-# # ggplot using sf seems to be severely broken for now. Commenting out and reverting to sp
-# ggplot() +
-#   geom_sf(data = forest_inventory)