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# Scottish Communities Report
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This Repository Contains text and associated data for the Scottish Communities Report, written by Jeremy H. Kidwell. Also included here are presentations made based on this report to (various) agencies.
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The following presentations use [remark.js](https://github.com/gnab/remark):
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- `presentation_05042018_sccs.html`
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A live version of the above slides can be viewed via my website at [https://jeremykidwell.info/files/presentations/presentation_05042018_sccs.html]
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In the `data` folder:
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* `filename.png` description by author. 21 Nov 2014. Copyright copyright license/holder.
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Any other files are copyright by me, Jeremy Kidwell. But please re-use them as they are covered by [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Title</title>
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@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Yanone+Kaffeesatz);
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<body>
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<textarea id="source">
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class: center, middle
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# The *Scottish Communities Report*
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## Jeremy Kidwell
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### University of Birmingham
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5 June 2018
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Stop Climate Chaos Board Meeting
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.footnote[[j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk](mailto:j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk) [@kidwellj](https://twitter.com/kidwellj)]
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???
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Presentation engineered with remark: https://github.com/gnab/remark/wiki
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---
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4 key questions:
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- What are community groups in Scotland?
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- How do they contribute to climate action?
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- What should we know about them?
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- How can we improve engagement between national networks like SCCS and community groups?
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---
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.left-column[
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### Community Groups in Scotland
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- Development Trusts Assoc. Scotland
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]
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.right-column[<img style="width:100%;margin-top:-1em;" src="derivedData/map1_dtas.png">]
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---
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.left-column[
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### Community Groups in Scotland
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- Development Trusts Assoc. Scotland
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- Community Land Groups
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]
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.right-column[<img style="width:100%;margin-top:-1em;" src="derivedData/map2_commland.png">]
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---
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.left-column[
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### Community Groups in Scotland
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- Development Trusts Assoc. Scotland
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- Community Land Groups
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- Scottish Communities Climate Action Network
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]
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.right-column[<img style="width:100%;margin-top:-1em;" src="derivedData/map3_sccan.png">]
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---
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.left-column[
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### Community Groups in Scotland
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- Development Trusts Assoc. Scotland
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- Community Land Groups
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- Scottish Communities Climate Action Network
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- City Farms & Gardens
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]
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.right-column[<img style="width:100%;margin-top:-1em;" src="derivedData/map4_cityfarms.png">]
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---
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.left-column[
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### Community Groups in Scotland
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- Development Trusts Assoc. Scotland (263)
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- Community Land Groups (69)
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- .red[Scottish Communities Climate Action Network (95)]
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- City Farms & Gardens (92)
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- .red[Eco-Congregations (431)]
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]
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.right-column[<img style="width:100%;margin-top:-1em;" src="derivedData/map5_ecs.png">]
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---
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There are four different types of community environmental group:
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- The **.red[lone voices]**: a single person working in the midst of either indifference or hostility in the wider community.
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- The **.red[local heroes]**: as above but with sanction and/or indirect support by the wider community.
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- **.red[Small but active]**: a small and generally self-contained group of 3-12 persons.
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- Large with differential involvements (**.red[LDI]**): many people with varying levels of participation.
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---
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The local work of community groups is often invisible from a National perspective.
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So what role do these groups play?
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---
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# 1. Niche & Experimentation
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.right-column[Specific policy interventions can be helped by a "proof of concept"
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Smaller community groups can help to form a "niche" which can serve as laboratories for testing out new ideas.red[*]]
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.footnote[.red[*] For more on this, check out: René Kemp, Johan Schot & Remco Hoogma, 1998. "[Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: the approach of strategic niche management](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537329808524310)." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 10, iss. 2, pp. 175–198. For an overview of research into sustainability transitions see: Jochen Markard, Rob Raven & Bernhard Truffer, 2012. ["Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873331200056X). Res. Policy 41 (6), 955–967.]
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.left-column[<img style="width:70%;margin-top:-1em;" src="https://www.artsfwd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/IMG_2188-1-427x640.jpg">]
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---
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# 2. Up-scaling
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Community groups often form ad-hoc regional/national networks.
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On the level of these "leaner" networks, information can be disseminated more efficiently and experiments may be multipled.
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---
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# 3. Formation of community "values"
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Environmental values are often cultivated and deployed through practices on a local level.
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Community groups enable persons to express environmental work and advocacy through (and not in spite of) their personal values.
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Similarly, community groups can often form the context where environmental transitions are "materialised," that is, embedded in concrete changes to local infrastructure.
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---
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# 4. Consolidating opinion
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More than serving as the sum of the individuals who are involved, community groups can provide a safe supportive space where convictions can be transformed into action.
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---
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**Question 2**: What do we need to know about community environmental groups?
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---
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# 1. Groups Overlap!
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In some cases, a group will connect with a range of different networks, setting up a Development Trust for the sake of a funding application and a transition group for another project.
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Similarly, individual members of these groups may participate in a whole range of activities, performing different eco-identities in each context.
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---
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# 2. Issues are not the driver
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Whereas for national networks and campaigning organisations, "action" and "issues" can often serve as the main driver.
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In contrast, with community groups, the opposite is often the case.
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Groups are driven by community formation and support, and issues come afterwards..red[*]
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.footnote[.red[*] For more on this form my research, check out the forthcoming article: "Christian climate care: Slow change, modesty, and eco-theo-citizenship", coming out later in 2018.
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---
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# 3. Local groups aren't always "local"
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In workshops we've conducted, we have found that these groups can often contain a wide mix: including people who have resided for multiple generations in a community to foreign nationals who have been resident in Britain for only a few years.
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---
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# 4. Local groups are often "lean"
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Resourcing is extremely scarce. Though some groups are successful at securing lottery funding or a climate challenge fund grant, far more often groups work with minimal resourcing. This means there isn't any formal staff, and their activities are outside working hours, and activities will rely on volunteered expertise.
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---
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# 5. Local groups work hard
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Many of the volunteers involved in these groups are tremendously hard working people, putting in hundreds of pro bon hours each year. Small successes and public attention can provide a major boost. Similarly, setbacks can often dampen work for long durations.
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---
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Quick review:
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- Community groups provide a "niche" for experimentation
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- Their work can often provide the basis for up-scaling larger sustainability transitions
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- Local groups can help galvanise action by connecting environmental concerns with values
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- More than the sum of their individual members, local groups can help to multiply enthusiasm and enable action
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---
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Quick review (part 2):
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- Group memberships overlap, participants often have multiple "environmental identities"
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- Groups can tend to be focussed on community building over "issues"
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- Local groups aren't always comprised of "locals"
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- Local groups usually have no budget or resources, relying on volunteers.
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- They work really hard but their work can be precarious. Small resources / encouragement can provide an outside effect. Similarly, for setbacks.
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---
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**Question 3**: How can we work more effectively with community groups?
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---
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# Idea 1: Use social media
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Talk about usage patterns.
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Engage on the level of local values; the need for user engagement is not satiated by "messaging", especially with religious groups.
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---
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# Idea 2: Targetted communications make a difference
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Consider sub-setting groups.
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---
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# Idea 3: Build in reciprocity
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Community groups can have tremendous impact within a small space and have access to social networks which are unknown to major NGOs.
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We're often used to the "direct" appraoch to the public, but can we find ways to treat community groups as intermediaries?
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There is tremendous potential for policy co-creation and co-research?
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---
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# Idea 4: Consider enabling projects outside the central belt
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- Support community anchors as "beacon" projects; invest in established projects to leverage as support agents for new projects
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## Calibrate expectations of community-level groups to match SME investment expectations
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- Expect failure (Startup failure rate > 90%). Can we fund blue-sky ambitious projects?
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- Compare time to ROI for SMB; adjust funding horizons for project maturation and delivery
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- Deliverable should be customer focussed ("climate justice" local services, etc.) not investor focussed ("carbon metrics")
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---
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</textarea>
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<script src="https://remarkjs.com/downloads/remark-latest.min.js">
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</script>
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<script>
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var slideshow = remark.create();
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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# Scottish Communities Report
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### Draft - 4 June 2018
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### Jeremy H. Kidwell, PhD
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### University of Birmingham
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# Why This Report?
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## Glossary
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## About the report
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Since 2013, I have been conducting research into community environmental groups in Scotland, along with a host of colleagues and collaborators, many of whom live and work within these groups. This research has involved scrutiny of thousands of websites and twitter feeds, semi-structured interviews and participant observation research at over a dozen sites, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, the Borders, Orkney, the Hebrides, the North of Scotland, Highlands, Perthshire, and Stirling. This is a participatory research project, so a range of stakeholders and research subjects have been invited to serve as co-research collaborators. As such these collaborators have been involved in all stages of the work including design, execution, and analysis. There are ultimately far too many people involved in this work to name everyone, but some key collaborative partners have been highlighted in the appendix.
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## What are "Communities"?
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The word "community" can apply to quite a large range of polities - at the level of towns (as highlighted in the ["Understanding Scottish Places"](https://www.scotlandstowns.org/understanding-scottish-places) project) or villages. But a town can also contain many smaller communities which have coalesced around common interest, an environmental feature, or some other linking factor. For this study, we have focussed on community groups which are formed within local communities whose work is oriented towards sustainability, community resilience, or climate change mitigation (we see these issues are interrelated and often overlapping in practice). Groups may have as few as a half-dozen members, while others can be quite large, with hundreds of active participants. As we will explore below, numbers do not always correlate directly to efficacy. Some of these groups are members of a larger network, such as the [Scottish Communities Climate Action Network](http://www.scottishcommunitiescan.org.uk/), the [Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens](https://www.farmgarden.org.uk/splashify-splash), or the [Development Trusts Association Scotland](http://www.dtascot.org.uk/) and in turn, many, though not all of these networks are members of larger meta-networks such as the [Scottish Community Alliance](http://www.scottishcommunityalliance.org.uk/about/) or [Stop Climate Chaos](http://www.stopclimatechaos.org/). One frequent and noteworthy absence from these large meta-networks are places of worship and particularly [eco-congregations](http://www.ecocongregationscotland.org/about-us/list-of-eco-congregation-churches/) and eco-churches. One key aim of this project is to find outlier networks such as these and explore whether / how they might be integrated into wider cross-network efforts, as you will read below.
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# 2. Who are environmental communities?
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There are dozens of different types of community sustainability groups in Scotland and we estimate that there are more than 2000 local groups across these various interests and networks. These include:
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- zero waste groups
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- transition towns
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- eco-congregations
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- permaculture groups
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- community bakeries and shops
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- amateur natural history groups and biological field recording groups
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- development trusts
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- community energy groups
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- community land groups
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- community woodlands
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- city farms & gardens
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- nourish Scotland groups
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- community and rural housing associations
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- allotments and garden societies
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- community arts groups
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- community herbalist groups
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- community interest corporations (CICs)
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- quaker meetings
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- community councils
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- historic trusts (e.g. John Muir birthplace)
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- fairtrade associations
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In terms of representation and numbers, there are essentially four different types of environmental group:
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- The **lone voices**: a single person working on issues such as climate change mitigation, in the face of either indifference or hostility in the wider community.
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- The **local heroes**: as above, a single individual or couple, but with explicit sanction and indirect support by the wider community.
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- **Small but active**: a small and generally self-contained group of 3-12 persons.
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- Large with differential involvements (**LDI**): larger than 12, and up to hundreds of persons all serving as part of a group, but with significantly varied levels of participation across the year.
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As we have mentioned above, beyond these levels there are also networks of individual groups, and meta-networks which bring together networks. In some cases, the staff who work for a network can also function as their own local group with its own internal culture and aims.
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# 3. The role of communities
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Seen from a bird's-eye view, the work of these groups can often be invisible, precisely because it is being worked out on a local scale and with regard to local interests. However, these groups serve several key functions with regards to broader environmental policy development and climate change mitigation.
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# 4. Understanding how communities work
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# 5. Improving engagement with communities
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