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<title>“Mapping” Religious Communities in the UK: Borders, Boundaries and Big Data</title>
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“Mapping” Religious Communities in the UK:
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Borders, Boundaries and Big Data
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#### Jeremy Kidwell
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##### University of Birmingham **School of Philosophy, Theology and Religion**
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002018 Sep 04
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.footnote[Email: [j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk](mailto:j.kidwell@bham.ac.uk) • Twitter [@kidwellj](https://twitter.com/kidwellj)]
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---
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class: center, middle
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Geospatial is important.
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???
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In the next 4:50 I want to try to convince you that scholars of Religion in Europe should engage with geospatial data in their research. I'll start with a big undefended claim, briskly diagnose the problems with our geospatial data and offer a possible solution.
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---
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class: center, middle
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Prove it.
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???
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Part of the reason I became aware of this is because I started my journey as a researcher in Scotland. I quickly became aware that within the context of sociological and geographical study of the UK my colleagues in Edinburgh were not enthusiastic about being socially conflated with people who lived in London. But this happens *all the time*. I've come to discover that this sentiment is shared by people in Wales and Ireland and the North of England, and the West Midlands, and well, you get the idea.
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---
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class: center, middle
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## Our national sociologies don't account for *terrain*
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“*Prophecy now involves a geographical rather than a historical projection; it is space and not time that hides consequences from us. To prophesy today it is only necessary to know men [and women] as they are throughout the world in all their inequality.*”.red[*]
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.footnote[.red[*]John Berger cited in Edward Soja, *Postmodern Geographies*]
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???
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Here's the big undefended claim: I believe that if we do not observe the particularities of peoples and their terrain, in practice, our research can be an instrument of concealment and the agent of social invisibility. Here's how this works in practice: say you've got a few thousand pounds and want to run a National-level study. Chances are, you'll take your money to a professional statistical organisation like YouGov and commission a study based on a random sample. Now here's where it gets sticky. Try asking YouGov (or whomever) whether they can generate a random sample of UK persons which will allow for data to be reliably broken down to the level of council areas in Scotland, and then by gender and age. I've asked, and they said "no"
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---
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class: center, middle
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Picture of choropleth
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???
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Regional thinking, which is just a scholarly formalisation of administrative boundaries doesn't necessarily get us much further towards granular understandings of daily life and religion in practice. The small, hyper-local work of social anthropologists commends much closer scrutiny.
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---
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class: center, middle
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## What happened to communities?
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???
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Many people here are doing small-scale local ethnographic work with individuals. And this gets towards addressing the problem, though we don't often enough join up individual studies towards well-qualified meta-understandings (topic for another day!). But I want to suggest that we might consider stepping one level up from the level of the individual and focussing on communities - and in the case of the study of religion, at least one facet of studying communities is to focus on places of worship. And I want to use my remaining 3 minutes to suggest what might be involved if we were to try to build some resources to support this kind of research.
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---
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### *We tried this out in a four-year study of Eco-Congregation Scotland (2013-2017)*
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Some outputs:
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- Jeremy Kidwell, Franklin Ginn, Michael Northcott, Elizabeth Bomberg, Alice Hague, "[Christian climate care: Slow change, modesty and eco-theo-citizenship](https://jeremykidwell.info/files/papers/geo-christian_climate_care.pdf)" (forthcoming), *Geo*
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- Elizabeth Bomberg & Alice Hague, "[Faith-based climate action in Christian congregations: mobilisation and spiritual resources](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13549839.2018.1449822)" (2018), *Local Environment*
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- More to come...!
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---
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Where is the data on places of worship?
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???
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This was a big project with a big team, so it seemed responsible to test out our prospective fieldwork in terms of sampling and representation across standard demographic measures. So I went to the internet to find the data on places of workship in the UK. Turns out there isn't much.
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---
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# Ordnance Survey
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"The PointX product uses multiple organisations and third party data sources in order to create the product, and it seems in this instance you have found accuracy issues.
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We are always happy to receive this type of information if you are willing to share your findings so we can investigate further internally.".red[*]
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.footnote[.red[*]— Ordnance Survey Support]
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---
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# Open Street Map project
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Pascal Neis and Alexander Zipf, “Analyzing the contributor activity of a volunteered geographic information project: The case of OpenStreetMap,” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2 (2012): 146–165.
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Mordechai Haklay, “How good is volunteered geographical information? A comparative study of OpenStreetMap and Ordnance Survey datasets,” Environment and planning B: Planning and design 4 (2010): 682--703.
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---
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Brierley Consultancy = not available for public scholarly use
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Ordnance Survey = data on places of worship is purchased from a private database
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Open Street Map = open access, generally accurate, but incomplete
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Google Maps = very expensive. No provision for scholarly use
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