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<li><a href="#examining-data" id="toc-examining-data" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#examining-data"><span class="header-section-number">2.1.1</span> Examining data:</a></li>
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<h1 class="title"><span class="chapter-number">2</span> <span class="chapter-title">The 2021 UK Census</span></h1>
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<section id="your-first-project-building-a-pie-chart" class="level2 page-columns page-full" data-number="2.1">
<h2 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="your-first-project-building-a-pie-chart"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Your first project: building a pie chart</h2>
<p>Let’s start by importing some data into R. Because R is what is called an object-oriented programming language, we’ll always take our information and give it a home inside a named object. There are many different kinds of objects, which you can specify, but usually R will assign a type that seems to fit best.</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="">If you’d like to explore this all in a bit more depth, you can find a very helpful summary in R for Data Science, chapter 8, <a href="https://r4ds.hadley.nz/data-import#reading-data-from-a-file">“data import”</a>.</span></div></div>
<p>In the example below, we’re going to read in data from a comma separated value file (“csv”) which has rows of information on separate lines in a text file with each column separated by a comma. This is one of the standard plain text file formats. R has a function you can use to import this efficiently called “read.csv”. Each line of code in R usually starts with the object, and then follows with instructions on what we’re going to put inside it, where that comes from, and how to format it:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># R Setup -----------------------------------------------------------------</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">setwd</span>(<span class="st">"/Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(here) <span class="co"># much better way to manage working paths in R across multiple instances</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>here() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>-- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --
v dplyr 1.1.3 v readr 2.1.4
v forcats 1.0.0 v stringr 1.5.0
v ggplot2 3.4.3 v tibble 3.2.1
v lubridate 1.9.3 v tidyr 1.3.0
v purrr 1.0.2 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>-- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --
x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
i Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>here<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">i_am</span>(<span class="st">"chapter_1.qmd"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stderr">
<pre><code>here() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>religion_uk <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span>(<span class="fu">here</span>(<span class="st">"example_data"</span>, <span class="st">"census2021-ts030-rgn.csv"</span>)) </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="examining-data" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="2.1.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="examining-data"><span class="header-section-number">2.1.1</span> Examining data:</h3>
<p>What’s in the table? You can take a quick look at either the top of the data frame, or the bottom using one of the following commands:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(religion_uk)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> geography total no_religion christian buddhist hindu jewish
1 North East 2647012 1058122 1343948 7026 10924 4389
2 North West 7417397 2419624 3895779 23028 49749 33285
3 Yorkshire and The Humber 5480774 2161185 2461519 15803 29243 9355
4 East Midlands 4880054 1950354 2214151 14521 120345 4313
5 West Midlands 5950756 1955003 2770559 18804 88116 4394
6 East 6335072 2544509 2955071 26814 86631 42012
muslim sikh other no_response
1 72102 7206 9950 133345
2 563105 11862 28103 392862
3 442533 24034 23618 313484
4 210766 53950 24813 286841
5 569963 172398 31805 339714
6 234744 24284 36380 384627</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>This is actually a fairly ugly table, so I’ll use an R tool called kable to give you prettier tables in the future, like this:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>knitr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">kable</span>(<span class="fu">head</span>(religion_uk))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped small">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 22%">
<col style="width: 7%">
<col style="width: 10%">
<col style="width: 9%">
<col style="width: 8%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 10%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">geography</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">total</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">no_religion</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">christian</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">buddhist</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">hindu</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">jewish</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">muslim</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">sikh</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">other</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">no_response</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">North East</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2647012</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1058122</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1343948</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7026</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">10924</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4389</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">72102</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7206</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">9950</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">133345</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">North West</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7417397</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2419624</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3895779</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">23028</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">49749</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">33285</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">563105</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">11862</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">28103</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">392862</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">Yorkshire and The Humber</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5480774</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2161185</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2461519</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15803</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">29243</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">9355</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">442533</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">24034</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">23618</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">313484</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">East Midlands</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4880054</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1950354</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2214151</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">14521</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">120345</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4313</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">210766</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">53950</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">24813</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">286841</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">West Midlands</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5950756</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1955003</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2770559</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18804</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">88116</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4394</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">569963</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">172398</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">31805</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">339714</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">East</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6335072</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2544509</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2955071</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">26814</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">86631</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">42012</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">234744</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">24284</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">36380</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">384627</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>You can see how I’ve nested the previous command inside the <code>kable</code> command. For reference, in some cases when you’re working with really complex scripts with many different libraries and functions, they may end up with functions that have the same name. You can specify the library where the function is meant to come from by preceding it with :: as we’ve done <code>knitr::</code> above. The same kind of output can be gotten using <code>tail</code>:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>knitr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">kable</span>(<span class="fu">tail</span>(religion_uk))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="table table-sm table-striped small">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 2%">
<col style="width: 13%">
<col style="width: 7%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 9%">
<col style="width: 8%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 7%">
<col style="width: 6%">
<col style="width: 5%">
<col style="width: 11%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;"></th>
<th style="text-align: left;">geography</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">total</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">no_religion</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">christian</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">buddhist</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">hindu</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">jewish</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">muslim</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">sikh</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">other</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">no_response</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">5</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">West Midlands</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5950756</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1955003</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2770559</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18804</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">88116</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4394</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">569963</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">172398</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">31805</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">339714</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">6</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">East</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6335072</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2544509</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2955071</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">26814</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">86631</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">42012</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">234744</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">24284</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">36380</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">384627</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">7</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">London</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">8799728</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2380404</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3577681</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">77425</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">453034</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">145466</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1318754</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">144543</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">86759</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">615662</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">8</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">South East</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">9278068</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3733094</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4313319</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">54433</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">154748</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18682</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">309067</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">74348</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">54098</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">566279</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">9</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">South West</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5701186</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2513369</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2635872</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">24579</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">27746</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7387</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">80152</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7465</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">36884</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">367732</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">10</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Wales</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3107494</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1446398</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1354773</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">10075</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">12242</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2044</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">66947</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4048</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15926</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">195041</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>We use <code>filter</code> to pick a single row, in the following way:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># wmids_data <- select(religion_uk, geography=="West Midlands")</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now let’s say we want to just work with the data from the West Midlands, and we’d like to omit some of the columns. We can choose a specific range of columns using <code>select</code>, like this:</p>
<div class="page-columns page-full"><p></p><div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><span class="">Some readers will want to pause here and check out Hadley Wickham’s “R For Data Science” book, in the section, <a href="https://r4ds.hadley.nz/data-visualize#introduction">“Data visualisation”</a> to get a fuller explanation of how to explore your data.</span></div></div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>wmids_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">select</span>(religion_uk, no_religion<span class="sc">:</span>other)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>In keeping with my goal to demonstrate data science through examples, we’re going to move on to producing some snappy looking charts for this data.</p>
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