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<h2 id="toc-title">Table of contents</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#who-this-book-is-for" id="toc-who-this-book-is-for" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#who-this-book-is-for"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Who this book is for</a></li>
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<li><a href="#why-this-book" id="toc-why-this-book" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#why-this-book"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Why this book?</a></li>
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<li><a href="#the-hacker-way" id="toc-the-hacker-way" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#the-hacker-way"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> The hacker way</a></li>
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<li><a href="#why-programmatic-data-science" id="toc-why-programmatic-data-science" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#why-programmatic-data-science"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Why programmatic data science?</a></li>
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<li><a href="#learning-to-code-my-way" id="toc-learning-to-code-my-way" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#learning-to-code-my-way"><span class="header-section-number">1.5</span> Learning to code: my way</a></li>
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<li><a href="#getting-set-up" id="toc-getting-set-up" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#getting-set-up"><span class="header-section-number">1.6</span> Getting set up</a></li>
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<h1 class="title"><span class="chapter-number">1</span> <span class="chapter-title">Introduction: Hacking Religion</span></h1>
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<section id="who-this-book-is-for" class="level2" data-number="1.1">
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<h2 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="who-this-book-is-for"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Who this book is for</h2>
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<section id="why-this-book" class="level2" data-number="1.2">
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<h2 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="why-this-book"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Why this book?</h2>
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</section>
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<section id="the-hacker-way" class="level2" data-number="1.3">
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<h2 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-hacker-way"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> The hacker way</h2>
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<li><p>Tell the truth</p></li>
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<li><p>Do not deceive using beauty</p></li>
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<li><p>Work transparently: research as open code using open data</p></li>
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<li><p>Draw others in: produce reproducible research</p></li>
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<li><p>Learn by doing</p></li>
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</ol>
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<section id="why-programmatic-data-science" class="level2" data-number="1.4">
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<h2 data-number="1.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="why-programmatic-data-science"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Why programmatic data science?</h2>
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<p>This isn’t just a book about data analysis, I’m proposing an approach which might be thought of as research-as-code, where you write out instructions to execute the various steps of work. The upside of this is that other researchers can learn from your work, correct and build on it as part of the commons. It takes a bit more time to learn and set things up, but the upside is that you’ll gain access to a set of tools and a research philosophy which is much more powerful.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="learning-to-code-my-way" class="level2" data-number="1.5">
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<h2 data-number="1.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="learning-to-code-my-way"><span class="header-section-number">1.5</span> Learning to code: my way</h2>
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<p>This guide is a little different from other textbooks targetting learning to code. I remember when I was first starting out, I went through a fair few guides, and they all tended to spend about 200 pages on various theoretical bits, how you form an integer, or data structures, subroutines, or whatever, such that it was weeks before I got to actually <em>do</em> anything. I know some people, may prefer this approach, but I dramatically prefer a problem-focussed approach to learning. Give me something that is broken, or a problem to solve, which engages the things I want to figure out and the motivation for learning just comes much more naturally. And we know from research in cognitive science that these kinds of problem-focussed approaches can tend to faciliate faster learning and better retention, so it’s not just my personal preference, but also justified! It will be helpful for you to be aware of this approach when you get into the book as it explains some of the editorial choices I’ve made and the way I’ve structured things. Each chapter focusses on a <em>problem</em> which is particularly salient for the use of data science to conduct research into religion. That problem will be my focal point, guiding choices of specific aspects of programming to introduce to you as we work our way around that data set and some of the crucial questions that arise in terms of how we handle it. If you find this approach unsatisfying, luckily there are a number of really terrific guides which lay things out slowly and methodically and I will explicitly signpost some of these along the way so that you can do a “deep dive” when you feel like it. Otherwise, I’ll take an accelerated approach to this introduction to data science in R. I expect that you will identify adjacent resources and perhaps even come up with your own creative approaches along the way, which incidentally is how real data science tends to work in practice.</p>
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<p>There are a range of terrific textbooks out there which cover all these elements in greater depth and more slowly. In particular, I’d recommend that many readers will want to check out Hadley Wickham’s “R For Data Science” book. I’ll include marginal notes in this guide pointing to sections of that book, and a few others which unpack the basic mechanics of R in more detail.</p>
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<section id="getting-set-up" class="level2" data-number="1.6">
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<h2 data-number="1.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="getting-set-up"><span class="header-section-number">1.6</span> Getting set up</h2>
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<p>Every single tool, programming language and data set we refer to in this book is free and open source. These tools have been produced by professionals and volunteers who are passionate about data science and research and want to share it with the world, and in order to do this (and following the “hacker way”) they’ve made these tools freely available. This also means that you aren’t restricted to a specific proprietary, expensive, or unavailable piece of software to do this work. I’ll make a few opinionated recommendations here based on my own preferences and experience, but it’s really up to your own style and approach. In fact, given that this is an open source textbook, you can even propose additions to this chapter explaining other tools you’ve found that you want to share with others.</p>
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<p>There are, right now, primarily two languages that statisticians and data scientists use for this kind of programmatic data science: python and R. Each language has its merits and I won’t rehash the debates between various factions. For this book, we’ll be using the R language. This is, in part, because the R user community and libraries tend to scale a bit better for the work that I’m commending in this book. However, it’s entirely possible that one could use python for all these exercises, and perhaps in the future we’ll have volume two of this book outlining python approaches to the same operations.</p>
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<p>Bearing this in mind, the first step you’ll need to take is to download and install R. You can find instructions and install packages for a wide range of hardware on the The Comprehensive R Archive Network (or “CRAN”): https://cran.rstudio.com. Once you’ve installed R, you’ve got some choices to make about the kind of programming environment you’d like to use. You can just use a plain text editor like <code>textedit</code> to write your code and then execute your programs using the R software you’ve just installed. However, most users, myself included, tend to use an integrated development environment (or “IDE”). This is usually another software package with a guided user interface and some visual elements that make it faster to write and test your code. Some IDE packages, will have built-in reference tools so you can look up options for libraries you use in your code, they will allow you to visualise the results of your code execution, and perhaps most important of all, will enable you to execute your programs line by line so you can spot errors more quickly (we call this “debugging”). The two most popular IDE platforms for R coding at the time of writing this textbook are RStudio and Visual Studio. You should download and try out both and stick with your favourite, as the differences are largely aesthetic. I use a combination of RStudio and an enhanced plain text editor Sublime Text for my coding.</p>
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<p>Once you have R and your pick of an IDE, you are ready to go! Proceed to the next chapter and we’ll dive right in and get started!</p>
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|
|
} else {
|
|||
|
|
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
|
|||
|
|
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
|
|||
|
|
const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
|
|||
|
|
if (bsSheetEl) {
|
|||
|
|
toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
toggleBodyColorPrimary();
|
|||
|
|
const icon = "";
|
|||
|
|
const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS();
|
|||
|
|
anchorJS.options = {
|
|||
|
|
placement: 'right',
|
|||
|
|
icon: icon
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
anchorJS.add('.anchored');
|
|||
|
|
const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
|
|||
|
|
for (const clz of el.classList) {
|
|||
|
|
if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {
|
|||
|
|
return true;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
return false;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button', {
|
|||
|
|
text: function(trigger) {
|
|||
|
|
const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
|
|||
|
|
for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
|
|||
|
|
if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
|
|||
|
|
childEl.remove();
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
return codeEl.innerText;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
clipboard.on('success', function(e) {
|
|||
|
|
// button target
|
|||
|
|
const button = e.trigger;
|
|||
|
|
// don't keep focus
|
|||
|
|
button.blur();
|
|||
|
|
// flash "checked"
|
|||
|
|
button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
|
|||
|
|
var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
|
|||
|
|
button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!");
|
|||
|
|
let tooltip;
|
|||
|
|
if (window.bootstrap) {
|
|||
|
|
button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
|
|||
|
|
button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
|
|||
|
|
button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!");
|
|||
|
|
tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button,
|
|||
|
|
{ trigger: "manual",
|
|||
|
|
customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
|
|||
|
|
offset: [0, -8]});
|
|||
|
|
tooltip.show();
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
setTimeout(function() {
|
|||
|
|
if (tooltip) {
|
|||
|
|
tooltip.hide();
|
|||
|
|
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
|
|||
|
|
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
|
|||
|
|
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
|
|||
|
|
button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
|
|||
|
|
}, 1000);
|
|||
|
|
// clear code selection
|
|||
|
|
e.clearSelection();
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
function tippyHover(el, contentFn) {
|
|||
|
|
const config = {
|
|||
|
|
allowHTML: true,
|
|||
|
|
content: contentFn,
|
|||
|
|
maxWidth: 500,
|
|||
|
|
delay: 100,
|
|||
|
|
arrow: false,
|
|||
|
|
appendTo: function(el) {
|
|||
|
|
return el.parentElement;
|
|||
|
|
},
|
|||
|
|
interactive: true,
|
|||
|
|
interactiveBorder: 10,
|
|||
|
|
theme: 'quarto',
|
|||
|
|
placement: 'bottom-start'
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
window.tippy(el, config);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
|
|||
|
|
for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
|
|||
|
|
const ref = noterefs[i];
|
|||
|
|
tippyHover(ref, function() {
|
|||
|
|
// use id or data attribute instead here
|
|||
|
|
let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
|
|||
|
|
try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
|
|||
|
|
const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
|
|||
|
|
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
|
|||
|
|
return note.innerHTML;
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
let selectedAnnoteEl;
|
|||
|
|
const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
|
|||
|
|
let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
|
|||
|
|
let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"';
|
|||
|
|
const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
|
|||
|
|
return selector;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
|
|||
|
|
const doc = window.document;
|
|||
|
|
const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
|
|||
|
|
const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
|
|||
|
|
const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
|
|||
|
|
const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
|
|||
|
|
const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
|
|||
|
|
return targetCell + "-" + line;
|
|||
|
|
})
|
|||
|
|
let top = null;
|
|||
|
|
let height = null;
|
|||
|
|
let parent = null;
|
|||
|
|
if (lineIds.length > 0) {
|
|||
|
|
//compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
|
|||
|
|
const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
|
|||
|
|
top = el.offsetTop;
|
|||
|
|
height = el.offsetHeight;
|
|||
|
|
parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
|
|||
|
|
if (lineIds.length > 1) {
|
|||
|
|
const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
|
|||
|
|
const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
|
|||
|
|
height = bottom - top;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
|
|||
|
|
// cook up a div (if necessary) and position it
|
|||
|
|
let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
|
|||
|
|
if (div === null) {
|
|||
|
|
div = window.document.createElement("div");
|
|||
|
|
div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
|
|||
|
|
div.style.position = 'absolute';
|
|||
|
|
parent.appendChild(div);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
|
|||
|
|
div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
|
|||
|
|
let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
|
|||
|
|
if (gutterDiv === null) {
|
|||
|
|
gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
|
|||
|
|
gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
|
|||
|
|
gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
|
|||
|
|
const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
|
|||
|
|
const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
|
|||
|
|
gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
|
|||
|
|
gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
const unselectCodeLines = () => {
|
|||
|
|
const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
|
|||
|
|
elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
|
|||
|
|
const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
|
|||
|
|
if (div) {
|
|||
|
|
div.remove();
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
// Attach click handler to the DT
|
|||
|
|
const annoteDls = window.document.querySelectorAll('dt[data-target-cell]');
|
|||
|
|
for (const annoteDlNode of annoteDls) {
|
|||
|
|
annoteDlNode.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
|
|||
|
|
const clickedEl = event.target;
|
|||
|
|
if (clickedEl !== selectedAnnoteEl) {
|
|||
|
|
unselectCodeLines();
|
|||
|
|
const activeEl = window.document.querySelector('dt[data-target-cell].code-annotation-active');
|
|||
|
|
if (activeEl) {
|
|||
|
|
activeEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
selectCodeLines(clickedEl);
|
|||
|
|
clickedEl.classList.add('code-annotation-active');
|
|||
|
|
} else {
|
|||
|
|
// Unselect the line
|
|||
|
|
unselectCodeLines();
|
|||
|
|
clickedEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
const findCites = (el) => {
|
|||
|
|
const parentEl = el.parentElement;
|
|||
|
|
if (parentEl) {
|
|||
|
|
const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
|
|||
|
|
if (cites) {
|
|||
|
|
return {
|
|||
|
|
el,
|
|||
|
|
cites: cites.split(' ')
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
} else {
|
|||
|
|
return findCites(el.parentElement)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
} else {
|
|||
|
|
return undefined;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
};
|
|||
|
|
var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
|
|||
|
|
for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
|
|||
|
|
const ref = bibliorefs[i];
|
|||
|
|
const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
|
|||
|
|
if (citeInfo) {
|
|||
|
|
tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
|
|||
|
|
var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
|
|||
|
|
citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
|
|||
|
|
var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
|
|||
|
|
citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
|
|||
|
|
citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
|
|||
|
|
var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
|
|||
|
|
if (biblioDiv) {
|
|||
|
|
citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
return popup.innerHTML;
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
});
|
|||
|
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
<nav class="page-navigation">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nav-page nav-page-previous">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="./index.html" class="pagination-link">
|
|||
|
|
<i class="bi bi-arrow-left-short"></i> <span class="nav-page-text">Preface</span>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="nav-page nav-page-next">
|
|||
|
|
<a href="./chapter_1.html" class="pagination-link">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nav-page-text"><span class="chapter-number">2</span> <span class="chapter-title">The 2021 UK Census</span></span> <i class="bi bi-arrow-right-short"></i>
|
|||
|
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
</div> <!-- /content -->
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</body></html>
|