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    "title": "Hacking Religion: TRS & Data Science in Action",
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    "text": "Preface\nThis is a Quarto book.\nTo learn more about Quarto books visit https://quarto.org/docs/books."
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    "title": "1  Introduction: Hacking Religion",
    "section": "1.1 Who this book is for",
    "text": "1.1 Who this book is for"
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    "title": "1  Introduction: Hacking Religion",
    "section": "1.2 Why this book?",
    "text": "1.2 Why this book?"
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    "section": "1.3 The hacker way",
    "text": "1.3 The hacker way\n\nTell the truth\nDo not deceive using beauty\nWork transparently: research as open code using open data\nDraw others in: produce reproducible research\nLearn by doing"
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    "section": "1.4 Why programmatic data science?",
    "text": "1.4 Why programmatic data science?\nThis isn’t just a book about data analysis, I’m proposing an approach which might be thought of as research-as-code, where you write out instructions to execute the various steps of work. The upside of this is that other researchers can learn from your work, correct and build on it as part of the commons. It takes a bit more time to learn and set things up, but the upside is that you’ll gain access to a set of tools and a research philosophy which is much more powerful."
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    "text": "1.5 Learning to code: my way\nThis guide is a little different from other textbooks targetting learning to code. I remember when I was first starting out, I went through a fair few guides, and they all tended to spend about 200 pages on various theoretical bits, how you form an integer, or data structures, subroutines, or whatever, such that it was weeks before I got to actually do anything. I know some people, may prefer this approach, but I dramatically prefer a problem-focussed approach to learning. Give me something that is broken, or a problem to solve, which engages the things I want to figure out and the motivation for learning just comes much more naturally. And we know from research in cognitive science that these kinds of problem-focussed approaches can tend to faciliate faster learning and better retention, so it’s not just my personal preference, but also justified! It will be helpful for you to be aware of this approach when you get into the book as it explains some of the editorial choices I’ve made and the way I’ve structured things. Each chapter focusses on a problem which is particularly salient for the use of data science to conduct research into religion. That problem will be my focal point, guiding choices of specific aspects of programming to introduce to you as we work our way around that data set and some of the crucial questions that arise in terms of how we handle it. If you find this approach unsatisfying, luckily there are a number of really terrific guides which lay things out slowly and methodically and I will explicitly signpost some of these along the way so that you can do a “deep dive” when you feel like it. Otherwise, I’ll take an accelerated approach to this introduction to data science in R. I expect that you will identify adjacent resources and perhaps even come up with your own creative approaches along the way, which incidentally is how real data science tends to work in practice.\nThere are a range of terrific textbooks out there which cover all these elements in greater depth and more slowly. In particular, I’d recommend that many readers will want to check out Hadley Wickham’s “R For Data Science” book. I’ll include marginal notes in this guide pointing to sections of that book, and a few others which unpack the basic mechanics of R in more detail."
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    "section": "1.6 Getting set up",
    "text": "1.6 Getting set up\nEvery single tool, programming language and data set we refer to in this book is free and open source. These tools have been produced by professionals and volunteers who are passionate about data science and research and want to share it with the world, and in order to do this (and following the “hacker way”) they’ve made these tools freely available. This also means that you aren’t restricted to a specific proprietary, expensive, or unavailable piece of software to do this work. I’ll make a few opinionated recommendations here based on my own preferences and experience, but it’s really up to your own style and approach. In fact, given that this is an open source textbook, you can even propose additions to this chapter explaining other tools you’ve found that you want to share with others.\nThere are, right now, primarily two languages that statisticians and data scientists use for this kind of programmatic data science: python and R. Each language has its merits and I won’t rehash the debates between various factions. For this book, we’ll be using the R language. This is, in part, because the R user community and libraries tend to scale a bit better for the work that I’m commending in this book. However, it’s entirely possible that one could use python for all these exercises, and perhaps in the future we’ll have volume two of this book outlining python approaches to the same operations.\nBearing this in mind, the first step you’ll need to take is to download and install R. You can find instructions and install packages for a wide range of hardware on the The Comprehensive R Archive Network (or “CRAN”): https://cran.rstudio.com. Once you’ve installed R, you’ve got some choices to make about the kind of programming environment you’d like to use. You can just use a plain text editor like textedit to write your code and then execute your programs using the R software you’ve just installed. However, most users, myself included, tend to use an integrated development environment (or “IDE”). This is usually another software package with a guided user interface and some visual elements that make it faster to write and test your code. Some IDE packages, will have built-in reference tools so you can look up options for libraries you use in your code, they will allow you to visualise the results of your code execution, and perhaps most important of all, will enable you to execute your programs line by line so you can spot errors more quickly (we call this “debugging”). The two most popular IDE platforms for R coding at the time of writing this textbook are RStudio and Visual Studio. You should download and try out both and stick with your favourite, as the differences are largely aesthetic. I use a combination of RStudio and an enhanced plain text editor Sublime Text for my coding.\nOnce you have R and your pick of an IDE, you are ready to go! Proceed to the next chapter and we’ll dive right in and get started!"
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    "title": "2  The 2021 UK Census",
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    "text": "References"
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    "section": "2.1 Your first project: building a pie chart",
    "text": "2.1 Your first project: building a pie chart\nLet’s start by importing some data into R. Because R is what is called an object-oriented programming language, we’ll always take our information and give it a home inside a named object. There are many different kinds of objects, which you can specify, but usually R will assign a type that seems to fit best.\nIf you’d like to explore this all in a bit more depth, you can find a very helpful summary in R for Data Science, chapter 8, “data import”.\nIn the example below, we’re going to read in data from a comma separated value file (“csv”) which has rows of information on separate lines in a text file with each column separated by a comma. This is one of the standard plain text file formats. R has a function you can use to import this efficiently called “read.csv”. Each line of code in R usually starts with the object, and then follows with instructions on what we’re going to put inside it, where that comes from, and how to format it:\n\n# R Setup -----------------------------------------------------------------\nsetwd(\"/Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion\")\nlibrary(here) # much better way to manage working paths in R across multiple instances\n\nhere() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook\n\nlibrary(tidyverse)\n\n-- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --\nv dplyr     1.1.3     v readr     2.1.4\nv forcats   1.0.0     v stringr   1.5.0\nv ggplot2   3.4.3     v tibble    3.2.1\nv lubridate 1.9.3     v tidyr     1.3.0\nv purrr     1.0.2     \n\n\n-- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --\nx dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()\nx dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()\ni Use the conflicted package (&lt;http://conflicted.r-lib.org/&gt;) to force all conflicts to become errors\n\nhere::i_am(\"chapter_1.qmd\")\n\nhere() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion\n\nuk_census_2021_religion &lt;- read.csv(here(\"example_data\", \"census2021-ts030-rgn.csv\")) \n\n\n2.1.1 Examining data:\nWhat’s in the table? You can take a quick look at either the top of the data frame, or the bottom using one of the following commands:\n\nhead(uk_census_2021_religion)\n\n                 geography   total no_religion christian buddhist  hindu jewish\n1               North East 2647012     1058122   1343948     7026  10924   4389\n2               North West 7417397     2419624   3895779    23028  49749  33285\n3 Yorkshire and The Humber 5480774     2161185   2461519    15803  29243   9355\n4            East Midlands 4880054     1950354   2214151    14521 120345   4313\n5            West Midlands 5950756     1955003   2770559    18804  88116   4394\n6                     East 6335072     2544509   2955071    26814  86631  42012\n  muslim   sikh other no_response\n1  72102   7206  9950      133345\n2 563105  11862 28103      392862\n3 442533  24034 23618      313484\n4 210766  53950 24813      286841\n5 569963 172398 31805      339714\n6 234744  24284 36380      384627\n\n\nThis is actually a fairly ugly table, so I’ll use an R tool called kable to give you prettier tables in the future, like this:\n\nknitr::kable(head(uk_census_2021_religion))\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ngeography\ntotal\nno_religion\nchristian\nbuddhist\nhindu\njewish\nmuslim\nsikh\nother\nno_response\n\n\n\n\nNorth East\n2647012\n1058122\n1343948\n7026\n10924\n4389\n72102\n7206\n9950\n133345\n\n\nNorth West\n7417397\n2419624\n3895779\n23028\n49749\n33285\n563105\n11862\n28103\n392862\n\n\nYorkshire and The Humber\n5480774\n2161185\n2461519\n15803\n29243\n9355\n442533\n24034\n23618\n313484\n\n\nEast Midlands\n4880054\n1950354\n2214151\n14521\n120345\n4313\n210766\n53950\n24813\n286841\n\n\nWest Midlands\n5950756\n1955003\n2770559\n18804\n88116\n4394\n569963\n172398\n31805\n339714\n\n\nEast\n6335072\n2544509\n2955071\n26814\n86631\n42012\n234744\n24284\n36380\n384627\n\n\n\n\n\nYou can see how I’ve nested the previous command inside the kable command. For reference, in some cases when you’re working with really complex scripts with many different libraries and functions, they may end up with functions that have the same name. You can specify the library where the function is meant to come from by preceding it with :: as we’ve done knitr:: above. The same kind of output can be gotten using tail:\n\nknitr::kable(tail(uk_census_2021_religion))\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ngeography\ntotal\nno_religion\nchristian\nbuddhist\nhindu\njewish\nmuslim\nsikh\nother\nno_response\n\n\n\n\n5\nWest Midlands\n5950756\n1955003\n2770559\n18804\n88116\n4394\n569963\n172398\n31805\n339714\n\n\n6\nEast\n6335072\n2544509\n2955071\n26814\n86631\n42012\n234744\n24284\n36380\n384627\n\n\n7\nLondon\n8799728\n2380404\n3577681\n77425\n453034\n145466\n1318754\n144543\n86759\n615662\n\n\n8\nSouth East\n9278068\n3733094\n4313319\n54433\n154748\n18682\n309067\n74348\n54098\n566279\n\n\n9\nSouth West\n5701186\n2513369\n2635872\n24579\n27746\n7387\n80152\n7465\n36884\n367732\n\n\n10\nWales\n3107494\n1446398\n1354773\n10075\n12242\n2044\n66947\n4048\n15926\n195041\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2.1.2 Parsing and Exploring your data\nThe first thing you’re going to want to do is to take a smaller subset of a large data set, either by filtering out certain columns or rows. Now let’s say we want to just work with the data from the West Midlands, and we’d like to omit some of the columns. We can choose a specific range of columns using select, like this:\nYou can use the filter command to do this. To give an example, filter can pick a single row in the following way:\n\nuk_census_2021_religion_wmids &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion %&gt;% \n  filter(geography==\"West Midlands\")  \n\nNow we’ll use select in a different way to narrow our data to specific columns that are needed (no totals!).\nSome readers will want to pause here and check out Hadley Wickham’s “R For Data Science” book, in the section, “Data visualisation” to get a fuller explanation of how to explore your data.\nIn keeping with my goal to demonstrate data science through examples, we’re going to move on to producing some snappy looking charts for this data."
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    "text": "2.2 Making your first chart\nWe’ve got a nice lean set of data, so now it’s time to visualise this. We’ll start by making a pie chart:\n\nuk_census_2021_religion_wmids &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion_wmids %&gt;% select(no_religion:no_response)\nuk_census_2021_religion_wmids &lt;- gather(uk_census_2021_religion_wmids)\n\nThere are two basic ways to do visualisations in R. You can work with basic functions in R, often called “base R” or you can work with an alternative library called ggplot:\n\n2.2.0.1 Base R\n\ndf &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion_wmids[order(uk_census_2021_religion_wmids$value,decreasing = TRUE),]\nbarplot(height=df$value, names=df$key)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2.2.0.2 GGPlot\n\nggplot(uk_census_2021_religion_wmids, aes(x = key, y = value)) +\n  geom_bar(stat = \"identity\")\n\n\n2\n\nWe’ll re-order the column by size.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2ggplot(uk_census_2021_religion_wmids, aes(x= reorder(key,-value),value)) + geom_bar(stat =\"identity\")\n\n\n\n\nLet’s assume we’re working with a data set that doesn’t include a “totals” column and that we might want to get sums for each column. This is pretty easy to do in R:\n\n1uk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion %&gt;% select(no_religion:no_response)\nuk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion_totals %&gt;%\n2   summarise(across(everything(), ~ sum(., na.rm = TRUE)))\n3uk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- gather(uk_census_2021_religion_totals)\n4ggplot(uk_census_2021_religion_totals, aes(x= reorder(key,-value),value)) + geom_bar(stat =\"identity\")\n\n\n1\n\nFirst, remove the column with region names and the totals for the regions as we want just integer data.\n\n2\n\nSecond calculate the totals. In this example we use the tidyverse library dplyr(), but you can also do this using base R with colsums() like this: uk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- colSums(uk_census_2021_religion_totals, na.rm = TRUE). The downside with base R is that you’ll also need to convert the result into a dataframe for ggplot like this: uk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- as.data.frame(uk_census_2021_religion_totals)\n\n3\n\nIn order to visualise this data using ggplot, we need to shift this data from wide to long format. This is a quick job using gather()\n\n4\n\nNow plot it out and have a look!\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYou might have noticed that these two dataframes give us somewhat different results. But with data science, it’s much more interesting to compare these two side-by-side in a visualisation. We can join these two dataframes and plot the bars side by side using bind() - which can be done by columns with cbind() and rows using rbind():\n\nuk_census_2021_religion_merged &lt;- rbind(uk_census_2021_religion_totals, uk_census_2021_religion_wmids)\n\nDo you notice there’s going to be a problem here? How can we tell one set from the other? We need to add in something idenfiable first! This isn’t too hard to do as we can simply create a new column for each with identifiable information before we bind them:\n\nuk_census_2021_religion_totals$dataset &lt;- c(\"totals\")\nuk_census_2021_religion_wmids$dataset &lt;- c(\"wmids\")\nuk_census_2021_religion_merged &lt;- rbind(uk_census_2021_religion_totals, uk_census_2021_religion_wmids)\n\nNow we’re ready to plot out our data as a grouped barplot:\n\nggplot(uk_census_2021_religion_merged, aes(fill=dataset, x= reorder(key,-value), value)) + geom_bar(position=\"dodge\", stat =\"identity\")\n\n\n\n\nIf you’re looking closely, you will notice that I’ve added two elements to our previous ggplot. I’ve asked ggplot to fill in the columns with reference to the dataset column we’ve just created. Then I’ve also asked ggplot to alter the position=\"dodge\" which places bars side by side rather than stacked on top of one another. You can give it a try without this instruction to see how this works. We will use stacked bars in a later chapter, so remember this feature.\nIf you inspect our chart, you can see that we’re getting closer, but it’s not really that helpful to compare the totals. What we need to do is get percentages that can be compared side by side. This is easy to do using another dplyr feature mutate:\n\nuk_census_2021_religion_totals &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion_totals %&gt;% \n  dplyr::mutate(perc = scales::percent(value / sum(value), accuracy = 0.1, trim = FALSE))\nuk_census_2021_religion_wmids &lt;- uk_census_2021_religion_wmids %&gt;% \n  dplyr::mutate(perc = scales::percent(value / sum(value), accuracy = 0.1, trim = FALSE))\nuk_census_2021_religion_merged &lt;- rbind(uk_census_2021_religion_totals, uk_census_2021_religion_wmids)\nggplot(uk_census_2021_religion_merged, aes(fill=dataset, x=key, y=perc)) + geom_bar(position=\"dodge\", stat =\"identity\")\n\n\n\n\nNow you can see a very rough comparison\nAdd time series data for 2001 and 2011 census, change to grouped bar plot:\nhttps://r-graphics.org/recipe-bar-graph-grouped-bar#discussion-8"
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    "text": "4 Loading in some data\n# R Setup -----------------------------------------------------------------\nsetwd(\"/Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion\")\nlibrary(here)\n\nhere() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook\n\nlibrary(tidyverse)\n\n-- Attaching core tidyverse packages ------------------------ tidyverse 2.0.0 --\nv dplyr     1.1.3     v readr     2.1.4\nv forcats   1.0.0     v stringr   1.5.0\nv ggplot2   3.4.3     v tibble    3.2.1\nv lubridate 1.9.3     v tidyr     1.3.0\nv purrr     1.0.2     \n\n\n-- Conflicts ------------------------------------------ tidyverse_conflicts() --\nx dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()\nx dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()\ni Use the conflicted package (&lt;http://conflicted.r-lib.org/&gt;) to force all conflicts to become errors\n\nlibrary(haven) # used for importing SPSS .sav files\nhere::i_am(\"chapter_2.qmd\")\n\nhere() starts at /Users/kidwellj/gits/hacking_religion_textbook/hacking_religion\n\nclimate_experience_data &lt;- read_sav(here(\"example_data\", \"climate_experience_data.sav\"))\nThe first thing to note here is that we’ve drawn in a different type of data file, this time from an .sav file, usully produced by the statistics software package SPSS. This uses a different R Library (I use haven for this). The upside is that in some cases where you have survey data with both a code and a value like “1” is eqivalent to “very much agree” this will preserve both in the R dataframe that is created. Now that you’ve loaded in data, you have a new R dataframe called “climate_experience_data” with a lot of columns with just under 1000 survey responses.\nOne of the challenges we faced when running this study is how to gather responsible data from surveys regarding religious identity. We’ll dive into this in depth as we do analysis and look at some of the agreements and conflicts in terms of respondent attribution. Just to set the stage, we used the following kinds of question to ask about religion and spirituality:\nThis is one way of measuring religion, that is, to ask a person if they consider themselves formally affiliated with a particular group. This kind of question has some (serious) limitations, but we’ll get to that in a moment.\nWe also asked respondents (Q57): “Regardless of whether you belong to a particular religion, how religious would you say you are?” and then provided a slider from 0 (not religious at all) to 10 (very religious).\nWe included some classic indicators about how often respondents go to worship (Q58): Apart from weddings, funerals and other special occasions, how often do you attend religious services? and (Q59): “Q59 Apart from when you are at religious services, how often do you pray?”\nEach of these measures a particular kind of dimension, and it is interesting to note that sometimes there are stronger correlations between how often a person attends worship services (weekly versus once a year) and a particular view, than there is between their affiliation (if they are Christian or Pagan). We’ll do some exploratory work shortly to see how this is the case in our sample. We also included a series of questions about spirituality in Q52 and used a nature relatedness scale Q51.\nYou’ll find that many surveys will only use one of these forms of question and ignore the rest. I think this is a really bad idea as religious belonging, identity, and spirituality are far too complex to work off a single form of response. We can also test out how these different attributions relate to other demographic features, like interest in politics, economic attainment, etc.\nLet’s dive into the data and see how this all works out. We’ll start with the question 56 data, around religious affiliation:\nreligious_affiliation &lt;- as_tibble(as_factor(climate_experience_data$Q56))\nnames(religious_affiliation) &lt;- c(\"response\")\nreligious_affiliation &lt;- filter(religious_affiliation, !is.na(response))\nThere are few things we need to do here to get the data into initial proper shape. This might be called “cleaning” the data:\nIf we pause at this point to view the data, you’ll see it’s basically just a long list of survey responses. What we need is a count of each unique response (or factor). This will take a few more steps:\nreligious_affiliation_sums &lt;- religious_affiliation %&gt;%  \n1  dplyr::count(response, sort = TRUE) %&gt;%\n2  dplyr::mutate(response = forcats::fct_rev(forcats::fct_inorder(response)))\nreligious_affiliation_sums &lt;- religious_affiliation_sums %&gt;% \n3  dplyr::mutate(perc = scales::percent(n / sum(n), accuracy = .1, trim = FALSE))\n\n\n1\n\nFirst we generate new a dataframe with sums per category and\n\n2\n\n…sort in descending order\n\n3\n\nThen we add new column with percentages based on the sums you’ve just generated\nThat should give us a tidy table of results, which you can see if you view the contents of our new religious_affiliation_sums dataframe:\nhead(religious_affiliation_sums)\n\n# A tibble: 6 x 3\n  response                        n perc   \n  &lt;fct&gt;                       &lt;int&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  \n1 Christian                     342 \"33.9%\"\n2 Muslim                        271 \"26.9%\"\n3 No religion                   108 \"10.7%\"\n4 Hindu                          72 \" 7.1%\"\n5 Atheist                        54 \" 5.4%\"\n6 Spiritual but not religious    38 \" 3.8%\"\n# make plot\nggplot(religious_affiliation_sums, aes(x = n, y = response)) +\n  geom_col(colour = \"white\") + \n  ## add percentage labels\n  geom_text(aes(label = perc),\n            ## make labels left-aligned and white\n            hjust = 1, nudge_x = -.5, colour = \"white\", size=3)\nAdd colours Use mutate to put “prefer not to say” at the bottom # Info here: https://r4ds.had.co.nz/factors.html#modifying-factor-levels\ncaption &lt;- “Christian Denomination” # TODO: copy plot above for Q56 to add two additional plots using climate_experience_data_named\\(Q56b and climate_experience_data_named\\)Q56c # Religious Affiliation b - Christian Denomination Subquestion christian_denomination &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(climate_experience_data_named\\(Q56b) christian_denomination_table &lt;- chart_single_result_flextable(climate_experience_data_named\\)Q56b, desc(Count)) christian_denomination_table save_as_docx(christian_denomination_table, path = “./figures/q56_religious_affiliation_xn_denomination.docx”)\nchristian_denomination_hi &lt;- filter(climate_experience_data_named, Q56 == “Christian”, Q57_bin == “high”) christian_denomination_hi &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(christian_denomination_hi$Q56b) christian_denomination_hi\ncaption &lt;- “Islamic Identity” # Should the label be different than income since the data examined is the Affiliation? # TODO: adjust plot to factor using numbered responses on this question (perhaps also above) religious_affiliationc &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(climate_experience_data_named\\(Q56c) religious_affiliationc_plot &lt;- plot_horizontal_bar(religious_affiliationc) religious_affiliationc_plot &lt;- religious_affiliationc_plot + labs(caption = caption, x = \"\", y = \"\") religious_affiliationc_plot ggsave(\"figures/q56c_religious_affiliation.png\", width = 20, height = 10, units = \"cm\") religious_affiliationc_table &lt;- chart_single_result_flextable(climate_experience_data_named\\)Q56c, Count) religious_affiliationc_table save_as_docx(religious_affiliationc_table, path = “./figures/q56_religious_affiliation_islam.docx”)\ncaption &lt;- “Respondent Religiosity” religiosity &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(as.character(climate_experience_data_named\\(Q57_1)) religiosity_plot &lt;- plot_horizontal_bar(religiosity) religiosity_plot &lt;- religiosity_plot + labs(caption = caption, x = \"\", y = \"\") religiosity_plot ggsave(\"figures/q57_religiosity_plot.png\", width = 20, height = 10, units = \"cm\") religiosity_table &lt;- chart_single_result_flextable(climate_experience_data_named\\)Q57_1, desc(Variable)) religiosity_table save_as_docx(religious_affiliationc_table, path = “./figures/q57_religiousity.docx”)\ncaption &lt;- “Respondent Attendance of Religious Services” religious_service_attend &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(climate_experience_data_named\\(Q58) religious_service_attend_plot &lt;- plot_horizontal_bar(religious_service_attend) religious_service_attend_plot &lt;- religious_service_attend_plot + labs(title = caption, x = \"\", y = \"\") religious_service_attend_plot ggsave(\"figures/q58_religious_service_attend.png\", width = 20, height = 10, units = \"cm\") religious_service_attend_table &lt;- chart_single_result_flextable(climate_experience_data_named\\)Q58, Count) religious_service_attend_table save_as_docx(religious_service_attend_table, path = “./figures/q58_religious_service_attend.docx”)\ndf &lt;- select(climate_experience_data, Q52_bin, Q53_bin, Q57_bin, Q58) names(df) &lt;- c(“Q52_bin”, “Q53_bin”, “Q57_bin”, “response”) facet_names &lt;- c(Q52_bin = “Spirituality”, Q53_bin = “Politics L/R”, Q57_bin = “Religiosity”, low=“low”, medium=“medium”, high=“high”) facet_labeller &lt;- function(variable,value){return(facet_names[value])} df\\(response &lt;- factor(df\\)response, ordered = TRUE, levels = c(“1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”)) df\\(response &lt;- fct_recode(df\\)response, “More than once a week” = “1”, “Once a week” = “2”, “At least once a month” = “3”, “Only on special holy days” = “4”, “Never” = “5”) df %&gt;% # we need to get the data including facet info in long format, so we use pivot_longer() pivot_longer(!response, names_to = “bin_name”, values_to = “b”) %&gt;% # add counts for plot below count(response, bin_name, b) %&gt;% group_by(bin_name,b) %&gt;% mutate(perc=paste0(round(n*100/sum(n),1),“%”)) %&gt;% # run ggplot ggplot(aes(x = n, y = ““, fill = response)) + geom_col(position=position_fill(), aes(fill=response)) + geom_text(aes(label = perc), position = position_fill(vjust=.5), size=2) + scale_fill_brewer(palette =”Dark2”, type = “qual”) + scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) + facet_grid(vars(b), vars(bin_name), labeller=as_labeller(facet_names)) + labs(caption = caption, x = ““, y =”“) + guides(fill = guide_legend(title = NULL)) ggsave(”figures/q58_faceted.png”, width = 30, height = 10, units = “cm”)\ncaption &lt;- “Respondent Prayer Outside of Religious Services” prayer &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice(climate_experience_data_named\\(Q59) prayer_plot &lt;- plot_horizontal_bar(prayer) prayer_plot &lt;- prayer_plot + labs(caption = caption, x = \"\", y = \"\") prayer_plot ggsave(\"figures/q59_prayer.png\", width = 20, height = 10, units = \"cm\") prayer_table &lt;- chart_single_result_flextable(climate_experience_data_named\\)Q59, Count) prayer_table save_as_docx(prayer_table, path = “./figures/q59_prayer.docx”)\ndf &lt;- select(climate_experience_data, Q52_bin, Q53_bin, Q57_bin, Q59) names(df) &lt;- c(“Q52_bin”, “Q53_bin”, “Q57_bin”, “response”) facet_names &lt;- c(Q52_bin = “Spirituality”, Q53_bin = “Politics L/R”, Q57_bin = “Religiosity”, low=“low”, medium=“medium”, high=“high”) facet_labeller &lt;- function(variable,value){return(facet_names[value])} df\\(response &lt;- factor(df\\)response, ordered = TRUE, levels = c(“1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”)) df\\(response &lt;- fct_recode(df\\)response, “More than once a week” = “1”, “Once a week” = “2”, “At least once a month” = “3”, “Only on special holy days” = “4”, “Never” = “5”) df %&gt;% # we need to get the data including facet info in long format, so we use pivot_longer() pivot_longer(!response, names_to = “bin_name”, values_to = “b”) %&gt;% # add counts for plot below count(response, bin_name, b) %&gt;% group_by(bin_name,b) %&gt;% mutate(perc=paste0(round(n*100/sum(n),1),“%”)) %&gt;% # run ggplot ggplot(aes(x = n, y = ““, fill = response)) + geom_col(position=position_fill(), aes(fill=response)) + geom_text(aes(label = perc), position = position_fill(vjust=.5), size=2) + scale_fill_brewer(palette =”Dark2”, type = “qual”) + scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) + facet_grid(vars(b), vars(bin_name), labeller=as_labeller(facet_names)) + labs(caption = caption, x = ““, y =”“) + guides(fill = guide_legend(title = NULL)) ggsave(”figures/q59_faceted.png”, width = 30, height = 10, units = “cm”)\nq6_data &lt;- qualtrics_process_single_multiple_choice_unsorted_streamlined(climate_experience_data$Q6)\ntitle &lt;- “Do you think the climate is changing?”\nlevel_order &lt;- c(“Don&lt;80&gt;&lt;99&gt;t know”, “Definitely not changing”, “Probably not changing”, “Probably changing”, “Definitely changing”) ## code if a specific palette is needed for matching fill = wheel(ochre, num = as.integer(count(q6_data[1]))) # make plot q6_data_plot &lt;- ggplot(q6_data, aes(x = n, y = response, fill = fill)) + geom_col(colour = “white”) + ## add percentage labels geom_text(aes(label = perc), ## make labels left-aligned and white hjust = 1, colour = “black”, size=4) + # use nudge_x = 30, to shift position ## reduce spacing between labels and bars scale_fill_identity(guide = “none”) + ## get rid of all elements except y axis labels + adjust plot margin theme_ipsum_rc() + theme(plot.margin = margin(rep(15, 4))) + easy_center_title() + # with thanks for helpful info on doing wrap here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21878974/wrap-long-axis-labels-via-labeller-label-wrap-in-ggplot2 scale_y_discrete(labels = wrap_format(30), limits = level_order) + theme(plot.title = element_text(size =18, hjust = 0.5), axis.text.y = element_text(size =16)) + labs(title = title, x = ““, y =”“)\nq6_data_plot\nggsave(“figures/q6.png”, width = 18, height = 12, units = “cm”)\nclimate_experience_data$Q51_score &lt;- rowMeans(select(climate_experience_data, Q51_remote_vacation:Q51_heritage))\nclimate_experience_data &lt;- climate_experience_data %&gt;% mutate( Q51_bin = case_when( Q51_score &gt; mean(Q51_score) + sd(Q51_score) ~ “high”, Q51_score &lt; mean(Q51_score) - sd(Q51_score) ~ “low”, TRUE ~ “medium” ) %&gt;% factor(levels = c(“low”, “medium”, “high”)) )\nclimate_experience_data$Q52_score &lt;- rowMeans(select(climate_experience_data, Q52a_1:Q52f_1))\nclimate_experience_data &lt;- climate_experience_data %&gt;% mutate( Q52_bin = case_when( Q52_score &gt; mean(Q52_score) + sd(Q52_score) ~ “high”, Q52_score &lt; mean(Q52_score) - sd(Q52_score) ~ “low”, TRUE ~ “medium” ) %&gt;% factor(levels = c(“low”, “medium”, “high”)) )"
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    "section": "16.1 Q57 subsetting based on Religiosity ————————————————————–",
    "text": "16.1 Q57 subsetting based on Religiosity ————————————————————–\nclimate_experience_data &lt;- climate_experience_data %&gt;% mutate( Q57_bin = case_when( Q57_1 &gt; mean(Q57_1) + sd(Q57_1) ~ “high”, Q57_1 &lt; mean(Q57_1) - sd(Q57_1) ~ “low”, TRUE ~ “medium” ) %&gt;% factor(levels = c(“low”, “medium”, “high”)) )"
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    "section": "16.2 Subsetting based on Spirituality ————————————————————–",
    "text": "16.2 Subsetting based on Spirituality ————————————————————–\n\n16.2.1 Nature relatedness ————————————————————–"
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    "title": "4  Mapping churches: geospatial data science",
    "section": "",
    "text": "Guides to geographies: https://rconsortium.github.io/censusguide/ https://ocsi.uk/2019/03/18/lsoas-leps-and-lookups-a-beginners-guide-to-statistical-geographies/\nExtact places of worship from Ordnance survey open data set Calculate proximity to pubs\n\nReferences"
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    "title": "5  Data scraping, corpus analysis and wordclouds",
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    "text": "References"
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    "title": "6  Summary",
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    "text": "An open textbook introducing data science to religious studies"
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